{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:58:32Z","timestamp":1792292312583,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2531,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long-term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]],"date-time":"2019-02-06T07:12:34Z","timestamp":1549437154000},"page":"335-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":252,"title":["ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy E.","family":"Durham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liphook Equine Hospital , Liphook,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0564-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University Department of Clinical Sciences, , North Grafton, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy M.","family":"McGowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Neston,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Menzies-Gow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of clinical sciences and services, , Herts,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Roelfsema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utrecht University Department of Equine Sciences, , Utrecht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7151-0751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Vervuert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Feige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Fey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen , Giessen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0001","first-page":"347","article-title":"Insulin tolerance in laminitic ponies","volume":"47","author":"Coffman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03556.x","article-title":"Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ponies and Standardbred horses","volume":"18","author":"Jeffcott","year":"1986","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(02)00006-8","article-title":"The equine metabolic syndrome peripheral Cushing's syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12169","article-title":"Insulin dysregulation","volume":"46","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.10.1538","article-title":"Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies","volume":"228","author":"Treiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X342975","article-title":"Prediction of incipient pasture-associated laminitis from hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia and generalised and localised obesity in a cohort of ponies","volume":"41","author":"Carter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.09.020","article-title":"Weight loss resistance: a further consideration for the nutritional management of obese Equidae","volume":"194","author":"Argo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.1.122","article-title":"Hypertension and insulin resistance in a mixed-breed population of ponies predisposed to laminitis: further characterizing pre-laminitic metabolic syndrome","volume":"69","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.250.9.1027","article-title":"Cardiovascular findings in ponies with equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"250","author":"Heliczer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12606","article-title":"Prospective cohort study evaluating risk factors for the development of pasture-associated laminitis in the United Kingdom","volume":"49","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12159","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinaemia in ponies in Queensland, Australia","volume":"92","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0013","first-page":"721","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal horses in central ohio","volume":"23","author":"Muno","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12056","article-title":"Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light breed horses","volume":"27","author":"Pleasant","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2011.05.004","article-title":"The prevalence of endocrinopathic laminitis among horses presented for laminitis at a first-opinion\/referral equine hospital","volume":"41","author":"Karikoski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2013.11.001","article-title":"Breed differences in insulin sensitivity and insulinemic responses to oral glucose in horses and ponies of moderate body condition score","volume":"47","author":"Bamford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05544.x","article-title":"Effects of short-term training on insulin sensitivity and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in standardbred horses","volume":"36","author":"Stewart-Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05418.x","article-title":"Changes in skeletal muscle GLUT4 content and muscle membrane glucose transport following 6 weeks of exercise training","volume":"34","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.03.034","article-title":"The effect of exercise training on insulin sensitivity and fat and muscle tissue cytokine profiles of old and young standardbred mares","volume":"31","author":"Liburt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13839","article-title":"Effect of age, season, body condition, and endocrine status on serum free cortisol fraction and insulin concentration in horses","volume":"30","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.03.008","article-title":"Glycemic and insulinemic responses are affected by age of horse and method of feed processing","volume":"30","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12812","article-title":"Effects of age and diet on glucose and insulin dynamics in the horse","volume":"50","author":"Rapson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2015.v5.i2.p154","article-title":"Aging effect on plasma metabolites and hormones concentrations in riding horses","volume":"5","author":"Kawasumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12031","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in previously laminitic ponies","volume":"45","author":"Wray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2005.10.006","article-title":"Leptin secretion in horses: effects of dexamethasone, gender, and testosterone","volume":"31","author":"Cartmill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.80112942x","article-title":"Leptin in horses: tissue localization and relationship between peripheral concentrations of leptin and body condition","volume":"80","author":"Buff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c6281","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in a population of horses in the UK","volume":"168","author":"Stephenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e299","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.299","article-title":"Obesity prevalence and associated risk factors in outdoor living domestic horses and ponies","volume":"2","author":"Giles","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12275","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for equine obesity in Great Britain based on owner-reported body condition scores","volume":"47","author":"Robin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.18.590","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in riding horses in Scotland","volume":"162","author":"Wyse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.03.058","article-title":"The body condition score of leisure horses competing at an unaffiliated championship in the UK","volume":"31","author":"Harker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0240-5","article-title":"Body condition score, morphometric measurements and estimation of body weight in mature Icelandic horses in Denmark","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0033","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Demographics, management, and welfare of nonracing horses in Prince Edward Island","volume":"45","author":"Christie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0034","first-page":"967","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity in the equine population of Saskatoon and surrounding area","volume":"58","author":"Kosolofski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12506","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and owners' perceptions of body condition in pleasure horses and ponies in south-eastern Australia","volume":"94","author":"Potter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00995.x","article-title":"Prevalence of overconditioning in mature horses in southwest Virginia during the summer","volume":"26","author":"Thatcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0327-7","article-title":"Assessing the seasonal prevalence and risk factors for nuchal crest adiposity in domestic horses and ponies using the Cresty Neck Score","volume":"11","author":"Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.02.019","article-title":"Dominance rank is associated with body condition in outdoor-living domestic horses (Equus caballus)","volume":"166","author":"Giles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0242-3","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for overweight horses at premises in Sweden assessed using official animal welfare control data","volume":"58","author":"Hitchens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0500.x","article-title":"Seasonal variation in serum concentrations of selected metabolic hormones in horses","volume":"24","author":"Place","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12053","article-title":"Seasonal and annual influence on insulin and cortisol results from overnight dexamethasone suppression tests in normal ponies and ponies predisposed to laminitis","volume":"45","author":"Borer-Weir","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.5.666","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of pregnancy on insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and glucose dynamics in Thoroughbred mares","volume":"72","author":"George","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.2.241","article-title":"Seasonal variation in results of diagnostic tests for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in older, clinically normal geldings","volume":"241","author":"Schreiber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125968","article-title":"Relationships among body condition, insulin resistance and subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression during the grazing season in mares","volume":"10","author":"Selim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2006.08.007","article-title":"Seasonal and pulsatile dynamics of thyrotropin and leptin in mares maintained under a constant energy balance","volume":"33","author":"Buff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1975.36.12.1705","article-title":"Equine serum lipids: serum lipids and glucose in Morgan and Thoroughbred horses and Shetland ponies","volume":"36","author":"Robie","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1984.tb01919.x","article-title":"Insulin secretion and carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy in the mare","volume":"16","author":"Fowden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0970563","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy and lactation on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, lipoprotein composition and post-heparin lipase activities in Shetland pony mares","volume":"97","author":"Watson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12645","article-title":"The effect of mare obesity and endocrine function on foal birthweight in Thoroughbreds","volume":"49","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1282","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101282","article-title":"Endocrine disruptors leading to obesity and related diseases","volume":"14","author":"Petrakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0051","article-title":"The association between endocrine disrupting chemicals and equine metabolic syndrome. Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation Equine Endocrinology Symposium, Miami, FL, p. 34","author":"Durward-Akhurst","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00362.2015","article-title":"Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation","volume":"310","author":"de Laat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12745","article-title":"Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses","volume":"50","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00295-1","article-title":"Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus)","volume":"129","author":"Duhlmeier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8736","article-title":"Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize","volume":"93","author":"Bamford","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.01.009","article-title":"Comparison of plasma active glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations in normal horses and those with equine metabolic syndrome and in horses placed on a high-grain diet","volume":"40","author":"Chameroy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14725","article-title":"Repeatability of oral sugar test results, glucagon-like peptide-1 measurements, and serum high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations in horses","volume":"31","author":"Frank","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12825","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-2: a potential role in equine insulin dysregulation","volume":"50","author":"de Laat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.02.002","article-title":"Effect of increased adiposity on insulin sensitivity and adipokine concentrations in different equine breeds adapted to cereal-rich or fat-rich meals","volume":"214","author":"Bamford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.83102357x","article-title":"Insulin resistance and compensation in Thoroughbred weanlings adapted to high-glycemic meals","volume":"83","author":"Treiber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.10.020","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings: effect of weight gain, diet, and exercise on insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings","volume":"28","author":"Quinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.2527\/2003.8192333x","article-title":"Obesity and diet affect glucose dynamics and insulin sensitivity in Thoroughbred geldings","volume":"81","author":"Hoffman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12434","article-title":"Effect of increased adiposity on insulin sensitivity and adipokine concentrations in horses and ponies fed a high fat diet, with or without a once daily high glycaemic meal","volume":"48","author":"Bamford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X478497","article-title":"Measurement of C-peptide concentrations and responses to somatostatin, glucose infusion, and insulin resistance in horses","volume":"42","author":"Toth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.07.003","article-title":"Induction of laminitis by prolonged hyperinsulinaemia in clinically normal ponies","volume":"174","author":"Asplin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X475779","article-title":"Equine laminitis: induced by 48 h hyperinsulinaemia in Standardbred horses","volume":"42","author":"de Laat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.07.007","article-title":"Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinaemia and lamellar histopathology in Standardbred horses","volume":"191","author":"de Laat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2008.12.006","article-title":"Correlation of plasma insulin concentration with laminitis score in a field study of equine cushing's disease and equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Walsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814549212","article-title":"Pathology of natural cases of equine endocrinopathic laminitis associated with hyperinsulinemia","volume":"52","author":"Karikoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.11.011","article-title":"Paradigm shifts in understanding equine laminitis","volume":"231","author":"Patterson-Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.07.003","article-title":"Histological and morphometric lesions in the pre-clinical, developmental phase of insulin-induced laminitis in Standardbred horses","volume":"195","author":"de Laat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.2.161","article-title":"Morphological and cellular changes in secondary epidermal laminae of horses with insulin-induced laminitis","volume":"75","author":"Karikoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00127.x","article-title":"Glucose transport in the equine hoof","volume":"43","author":"Asplin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.12.016","article-title":"Advanced glycation endproducts in horses with insulin-induced laminitis","volume":"145","author":"de Laat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.01.013","article-title":"The developmental and acute phases of insulin-induced laminitis involve minimal metalloproteinase activity","volume":"140","author":"de Laat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.09.016","article-title":"Persistent digital hyperthermia over a 48 h period does not induce laminitis in horses","volume":"192","author":"de Laat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213","article-title":"Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00351.x","article-title":"Insulin resistance in equine digital vessel rings: an in vitro model to study vascular dysfunction in equine laminitis","volume":"43","author":"Venugopal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.07.021","article-title":"Vasorelaxation responses to insulin in laminar vessel rings from healthy, lean horses","volume":"202","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163815","article-title":"Vascular dysfunction in horses with endocrinopathic laminitis","volume":"11","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12040","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia increases vascular resistance and endothelin-1 expression in the equine digit","volume":"45","author":"Gauff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.12.026","article-title":"A potential role for lamellar insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of hyperinsulinaemic laminitis","volume":"197","author":"de Laat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00631.x","article-title":"Distribution of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in the digital laminae of mixed-breed ponies: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"45","author":"Burns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12663","article-title":"Lamellar events related to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signalling in two models relevant to endocrinopathic laminitis","volume":"49","author":"Lane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2012.0065","article-title":"Gut microbiota controls adipose tissue expansion, gut barrier and glucose metabolism: novel insights into molecular targets and interventions using prebiotics","volume":"5","author":"Geurts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.03.017","article-title":"Nutrition, the gut microbiome and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Kovatcheva-Datchary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605374104","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice","volume":"104","author":"Backhed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.05.010","article-title":"Comparison of the fecal microbiota in horses with equine metabolic syndrome and metabolically normal controls fed a similar all-forage diet","volume":"44","author":"Elzinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071108","article-title":"Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.07.013","article-title":"Preliminary investigation of the changes in fecal streptococcal population due to diet and time of day in horses","volume":"46","author":"Staniar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20070206","article-title":"Effects of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides on the microbial and biochemical profile of different segments of the gastro-intestinal tract in horses","volume":"23","author":"Respondek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.03.004","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome: a complex disease influenced by genetics and the environment","volume":"35","author":"McCue","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125968","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125968","article-title":"Relationships among body condition, insulin resistance and subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression during the grazing season in mares","volume":"10","author":"Selim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2009.00133.x","article-title":"Adipokines: a review of biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats, and horses","volume":"38","author":"Radin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.05.002","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin are related to fat mass in horses","volume":"172","author":"Kearns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2012.01300.x","article-title":"Voluntary feed intake and leptin sensitivity in ad libitum fed obese ponies following a period of restricted feeding: a pilot study","volume":"97","author":"Van Weyenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2005.00510.x","article-title":"Adiponectin\u2014a key adipokine in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Whitehead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.1.113","article-title":"The production and distribution of IL-6 and TNF-a in subcutaneous adipose tissue and their correlation with serum concentrations in Welsh ponies with equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Basinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-673","article-title":"Relationships among inflammatory cytokines, obesity, and insulin sensitivity in the horse","volume":"85","author":"Vick","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.05.001","article-title":"Effects of acute hyperinsulinemia on inflammatory proteins in horses","volume":"142","author":"Suagee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.02.007","article-title":"Naturally occurring compensated insulin resistance selectively alters glucose transporters in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues without change in AS160 activation","volume":"1812","author":"Waller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2012.07.003","article-title":"Novel link between inflammation and impaired glucose transport during equine insulin resistance","volume":"149","author":"Waller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0551.x","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression profiles in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots of insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive light breed horses","volume":"24","author":"Burns","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100911","article-title":"Effects of body weight reduction on blood adipokines and subcutaneous adipose tissue adipokine mRNA expression profiles in obese ponies","volume":"171","author":"Ungru","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-240","article-title":"Expression of inflammation-related genes is associated with adipose tissue location in horses","volume":"9","author":"Bruynsteen","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0106","first-page":"1071","article-title":"Genomewide association study reveals a risk locus for equine metabolic syndrome in the Arabian horse","volume":"95","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.03.090","article-title":"Identification of a genetic locus associated with height and metabolic traits in Welsh ponies","volume":"52","author":"Norton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0108","first-page":"767","article-title":"Characterization of the equine metabolic syndrome phenotype\u2014part I: biochemistry, morphometrics and breed comparisons","volume":"26","author":"Schultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169295","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169295","article-title":"Maternal nutrition during pregnancy affects testicular and bone development, glucose metabolism and response to overnutrition in weaned horses up to two years","volume":"12","author":"Robles","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0190309","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190309","article-title":"Maternal obesity increases insulin resistance, low-grade inflammation and osteochondrosis lesions in foals and yearlings until 18 months of age","volume":"13","author":"Robles","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0828-z","article-title":"Comparison of three different methods for the quantification of equine insulin","volume":"12","author":"Warnken","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14657","article-title":"Evaluation of a chemiluminescent immunoassay for measurement of equine insulin","volume":"31","author":"Carslake","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2011.05.001","article-title":"Evaluation of commercially available assays for the measurement of equine insulin","volume":"41","author":"Tinworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dom Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.10.1596","article-title":"Evaluation of a commercially available radioimmunoassay and species-specific ELISAs for measurement of high concentrations of insulin in equine serum","volume":"73","author":"Borer-Weir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714536560","article-title":"Comparison of two methods for measurement of equine insulin","volume":"26","author":"Banse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02782.x","article-title":"Repeatability of 2 methods for assessment of insulin sensitivity and glucose dynamics in horses","volume":"19","author":"Pratt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12413","article-title":"Comparison of the in-feed glucose test and the oral sugar test","volume":"48","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.1.84","article-title":"Comparison among the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, and oral glucose tolerance test for assessment of insulin sensitivity in healthy Standardbreds","volume":"76","author":"Pratt-Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.09.006","article-title":"Assessment of insulin and glucose dynamics by using an oral sugar test in horses","volume":"34","author":"Schuver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13934","article-title":"Evaluation of four diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in adult light-breed horses","volume":"30","author":"Dunbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2014.01.001","article-title":"Comparison of three methods for evaluation of equine insulin regulation in horses of varied body condition score","volume":"34","author":"Banse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14529","article-title":"The effect of fasting duration on baseline blood glucose concentration, blood insulin concentration, glucose\/insulin ratio, oral sugar test, and insulin response test results in horses","volume":"30","author":"Bertin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12607","article-title":"Use of the oral sugar test in ponies when performed with or without prior fasting","volume":"49","author":"Knowles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12730","article-title":"Effect of feed deprivation on selected parameters of lipid mobilisation and hepatic function in healthy Akhal Teke horses","volume":"50","author":"Toth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12172","article-title":"Repeatability of the combined glucose-insulin tolerance test and the effect of a stressor before testing in horses of 2 breeds","volume":"27","author":"Brojer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(97)90202-2","article-title":"Plasma glucose and cortisol responses to exogenous insulin in fasted donkeys","volume":"62","author":"Forhead","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.15653\/TPG-150428","article-title":"Referenzbereiche von Insulin, insulin\u00e4hnlichem Wachstumsfaktor 1 (IGF-1) und adrenokortikotropem Hormon bei Ponys","volume":"44","author":"K\u00f6ller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tier\u00e4rztl Prax"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.008","article-title":"Insulinaemic and glycaemic responses to three forages in ponies","volume":"235","author":"Carslake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X452152","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic \u03b2 cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis","volume":"41","author":"Durham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.9.1383","article-title":"Physical characteristics, blood hormone concentrations, and plasma lipid concentrations in obese horses with insulin resistance","volume":"228","author":"Frank","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40352","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M300365200","article-title":"Impaired multimerization of human adiponectin mutants associated with diabetes. Molecular structure and multimer formation of adiponectin","volume":"278","author":"Waki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29126","article-title":"Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"116","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0133","first-page":"55","article-title":"Total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in relation to insulin resistance among overweight\/obese adults","volume":"2","author":"Acharya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent Asian J Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1230","article-title":"Evaluation of high-molecular weight adiponectin in horses","volume":"73","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0135","first-page":"33","article-title":"Validity and application of immunoturbidimetric and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of adiponectin concentration in ponies","volume":"51","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0136","first-page":"19","article-title":"Insulin and insulin resistance","volume":"26","author":"Wilcox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.4.580","article-title":"Validation of methods for measurement of insulin secretion in humans in vivo","volume":"49","author":"Kjems","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9817","article-title":"The effect of oral and intravenous dextrose on C-peptide secretion in ponies","volume":"94","author":"de Laat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0139","first-page":"780","article-title":"Plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glp-1) concentrations in response to an oral sugar test in healthy and insulin-resistant horses","volume":"24","author":"Chameroy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.9.1365","article-title":"Effect of dietary fructans and dexamethasone administration on the insulin response of ponies predisposed to laminitis","volume":"231","author":"Bailey","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12130","article-title":"Current best practice in clinical management of equine endocrine patients","volume":"26","author":"Frank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2017.10.008","article-title":"The oral glucose test predicts laminitis risk in ponies fed a diet high in nonstructural carbohydrates","volume":"63","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.712","article-title":"Comparison of nonspecific indications and quantitative methods for the assessment of insulin resistance in horses and ponies","volume":"226","author":"Kronfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12579","article-title":"The repeatability of an oral glucose test in ponies","volume":"49","author":"de Laat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12703","article-title":"The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation","volume":"49","author":"Bertin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0358-8","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of insulin responses to standard dosed oral glucose tests (OGTs) via naso-gastric tubing towards definition of an objective cut-off value","volume":"60","author":"Warnken","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12826","article-title":"Effect of varying the dose of corn syrup on the insulin and glucose response to the oral sugar test","volume":"50","author":"Jocelyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.004","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Frank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0149","article-title":"Identifying breed differences in insulin dynamics, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue histology and biology","author":"Manfredi","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-016-0246-z","article-title":"A modified oral sugar test for evaluation of insulin and glucose dynamics in horses","volume":"58","author":"Lindase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.10.007","article-title":"Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses","volume":"196","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12445","article-title":"Treatment of equine metabolic syndrome: a clinical case series","volume":"48","author":"Morgan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.04.108","article-title":"Evaluation of the combined intravenous glucose and insulin test for assessing insulin sensitivity","volume":"29","author":"Caltabilota","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-2879","article-title":"Hyperleptinemia in mares and geldings: assessment of insulin sensitivity from glucose responses to insulin injection","volume":"88","author":"Caltabilota","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2012.07.003","article-title":"Comparison of a 2-step insulin-response test to conventional insulin-sensitivity testing in horses","volume":"44","author":"Bertin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Domestic Anim Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1598","article-title":"Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses","volume":"66","author":"Eiler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors and clinical signs predictive for equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in aged horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044877288","article-title":"Serum insulin concentrations in horses with equine Cushing's syndrome: response to a cortisol inhibitor and prognostic value","volume":"36","author":"McGowan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12160","article-title":"Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Durham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.7.738","article-title":"Effects of withholding feed on thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results and effects of combined testing on oral sugar test and thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test results in horses","volume":"77","author":"Restifo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02812.x","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity in hyperinsulinaemic ponies through physical conditioning and controlled feed intake","volume":"24","author":"Freestone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2005-741","article-title":"Endocrine responses in mares undergoing abrupt changes in nutritional management","volume":"84","author":"Buff","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2007.00744.x","article-title":"The effect of weight loss by energy restriction on metabolic profile and glucose tolerance in ponies","volume":"92","author":"Van Weyenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00110.x","article-title":"Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares","volume":"42","author":"Dugdale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.027","article-title":"Considerations for the use of restricted, soaked grass hay diets to promote weight loss in the management of equine metabolic syndrome and obesity","volume":"206","author":"Argo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.06.006","article-title":"Level of energy restriction alters body condition score and morphometric profile in obese Shetland ponies","volume":"206","author":"Bruynsteen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116002469","article-title":"Review: Feeding conserved forage to horses: recent advances and recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.003","article-title":"Clinical outcome of 14 obese, laminitic horses managed with the same rehabilitation protocol","volume":"34","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2010.01116.x","article-title":"Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to feeding hay with different non-structural carbohydrate content in control and polysaccharide storage myopathy-affected horses","volume":"95","author":"Borgia","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2011.01159.x","article-title":"Effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings","volume":"96","author":"Shepherd","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2015.06.011","article-title":"Methods for reduction of water soluble carbohydrate content in grass forages for horses","volume":"186","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114079","article-title":"The effect of five different wetting treatments on the nutrient content and microbial concentration in hay for horses","volume":"9","author":"Moore-Colyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102074","article-title":"Impact of water-soaking on the nutrient composition of UKhays","volume":"174","author":"Mack","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7119","article-title":"Intake estimation of horses grazing tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum) or fed tall fescue hay","volume":"92","author":"Chavez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9150","article-title":"The effect of a limit-fed diet and slow-feed hay nets on morphometric measurements and postprandial metabolite and hormone patterns in adult horses","volume":"93","author":"Glunk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.03.106","article-title":"Changes in proportions of dry matter intakes by ponies with access to pasture and haylage for 3 and 20\u2009hours per day respectively, for six weeks","volume":"31","author":"Ince","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.03.105","article-title":"The effect of wearing a grazing muzzle vs not wearing a grazing muzzle on pasture dry matter intake by ponies","volume":"31","author":"Longland","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20100221","article-title":"Effects of chromium yeast supplementation on postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in insulin-resistant ponies and horses","volume":"26","author":"Vervuert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3108","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides improves insulin sensitivity in obese horses","volume":"89","author":"Respondek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20160410","article-title":"Oral supplementation of magnesium aspartate hydrochloride in horses with equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Winter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00302.x","article-title":"Effects of a supplement containing chromium and magnesium on morphometric measurements, resting glucose, insulin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in laminitic obese horses","volume":"43","author":"Chameroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.06.008","article-title":"Factors affecting the glucose response to insulin injection in mares: epinephrine, short- and long-term prior feed intake, cinnamon extract, and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation","volume":"32","author":"Earl","year":"2012","journal-title":"JEquine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.04.019","article-title":"Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on body weight losses and metabolic profile in obese and insulin-resistant ponies during a 14-week body weight reduction programme","volume":"155","author":"Schmengler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livest Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.02.002","article-title":"Psyllium lowers blood glucose and insulin concentrations in horses","volume":"31","author":"Moreaux","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3390\/md15080237","article-title":"Spirulina platensis improves mitochondrial function impaired by elevated oxidative stress in adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and enhances insulin sensitivity in equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) horses","volume":"15","author":"Nawrocka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0186","article-title":"Effect of aleurone on equine fecal microbiome & glucose metabolism in non-training horses. 10th European College of Equine Internal Medicine Congress, Budapest, Germany","author":"Boshuizen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14577","article-title":"Sustained, low-intensity exercise achieved by a dynamic feeding system decreases body fat in ponies","volume":"30","author":"de Laat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511000547","article-title":"Voluntary ingestion of wood shavings by obese horses under dietary restriction","volume":"106","author":"Curtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.10.010","article-title":"Effect of long-term feed restriction on the health status and welfare of a robust horse breed, the Shetland pony (Equus ferus caballus)","volume":"94","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.10.33","article-title":"Effect of feed deprivation on biochemical indices in equids","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Equine Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2015.101","article-title":"Exercise and type 2 diabetes: focus on metabolism and inflammation","volume":"94","author":"Karstoft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0192","first-page":"e000143","article-title":"Update on the effects of physical activity on insulin sensitivity in humans","volume":"2","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12132","article-title":"The effect of exercise on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in normal and previously laminitic ponies","volume":"46","author":"Menzies-Gow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2488","article-title":"Changes in insulin sensitivity in response to different modalities of exercise: a review of the evidence","volume":"30","author":"Mann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478061507736459","article-title":"Practical assessment of heart rate response to exercise under field conditions","volume":"4","author":"Harris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Equine Comp Ex Physiol"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.06.006","article-title":"How swimming affects plasma insulin and glucose concentration in Thoroughbreds: a pilot study","volume":"226","author":"Bonelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.3.314","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and plasma hormone and lipid concentrations in overweight or obese, insulin-resistant horses","volume":"71","author":"Carter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05396.x","article-title":"Effect of short-term exercise training on insulin sensitivity in obese and lean mares","volume":"34","author":"Powell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X273648","article-title":"The effect of metformin on measurements of insulin sensitivity and beta cell response in 18 horses and ponies with insulin resistance","volume":"40","author":"Durham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.5.665","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of metformin in horses","volume":"70","author":"Hustace","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.01.015","article-title":"The effect of oral metformin on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant ponies","volume":"191","author":"Tinworth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb13128.x","article-title":"Importance of the intestine as a site of metformin-stimulated glucose utilization","volume":"112","author":"Bailey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12068","article-title":"Effects of metformin hydrochloride on blood glucose and insulin responses to oral dextrose in horses","volume":"45","author":"Rendle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0204","first-page":"301","article-title":"Metformin-induced regulation of the intestinal D-glucose transporters","volume":"61","author":"Sakar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1032","article-title":"Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares","volume":"66","author":"Frank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0206","first-page":"780","article-title":"Effects of levothyroxine sodium on body condition, blood measures of metabolic status, and glucose dynamics in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)","volume":"24","author":"Chameroy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0681.x","article-title":"Effects of the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone and lipopolysaccharide administration on insulin sensitivity in horses","volume":"25","author":"Suagee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01217.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone after multiple oral dose administration in horses","volume":"34","author":"Wearn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0209","article-title":"Pioglitazone in equids increases high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentrations and decreases insulin response after oral sugar (Abstract E10)","author":"Legere","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.12.029","article-title":"Dopaminergic drugs in type 2 diabetes and glucose homeostasis","volume":"109","author":"Lopez Vicchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.12.015","article-title":"Long-term treatment of insulin-insensitive mares with cabergoline: effects on prolactin and melanocyte stimulating hormone responses to sulpiride and on indices of insulin sensitivity","volume":"34","author":"Arana Valencia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2016.1216100","article-title":"Update review of the safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"15","author":"Carlson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0203655","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203655","article-title":"The sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor velagliflozin reduces hyperinsulinemia and prevents laminitis in insulin-dysregulated ponies","volume":"13","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200070","article-title":"Sweet taste receptor inhibitors: potential treatment for equine insulin dysregulation","volume":"13","author":"de Laat","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.04.008","article-title":"Farriery for chronic laminitis","volume":"26","author":"O'Grady","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.55_12732","article-title":"Concerns around equine weight management: an analysis of internet fora","volume":"49","author":"Furtado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103226","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"177","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01451.x","article-title":"Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses","volume":"20","author":"Carroll","year":"1988","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020922230333000_jvim15423-bib-0219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.03.024","article-title":"Body condition scoring as a predictor of body fat in horses and ponies","volume":"194","author":"Dugdale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15423","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15423","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/33\/2\/335\/66659438\/jvim15423.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/33\/2\/335\/66659438\/jvim15423.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:36:18Z","timestamp":1770694578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/33\/2\/335\/8448077"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"references-count":219,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15423","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-11-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-01-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-02-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}