{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:40:31Z","timestamp":1777484431144,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2354,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis has been described in dogs that seroreact to Borrelia burgdorferi, but no studies have compared clinicopathologic differences in Lyme-seroreactive dogs with protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) versus dogs with Borrelia-seronegative PLN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with Borrelia C6 antigen-seroreactive PLN have distinct clinicopathologic findings when compared to dogs with Borrelia seronegative PLN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty dogs with PLN and Borrelia C6 antigen seroreactivity and 78 C6-seronegative temporally matched dogs with PLN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective prevalence case-control study. Clinical information was retrieved from records of dogs examined at the University of California, Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Histopathologic findings in renal tissue procured by biopsy or necropsy of dogs with PLN were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrievers and retriever mixes were overrepresented in seroreactive dogs (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Seroreactive dogs were more likely to have thrombocytopenia (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), azotemia (P = .002), hyperphosphatemia (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), anemia (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and neutrophilia (P = .003). Hematuria, glucosuria, and pyuria despite negative urine culture were more likely in seroreactive dogs (all P\u2009\u2264\u2009.002). Histopathologic findings were consistent with immune-complex glomerulonephritis in 16 of 16 case dogs and 7 of 23 control dogs (P = 006). Prevalence of polyarthritis was not different between groups (P = .17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>C6 seroreactivity in dogs with PLN is associated with a clinicopathologically distinct syndrome when compared with other types of PLN. Early recognition of this syndrome has the potential to improve outcomes through specific aggressive and early treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,24]],"date-time":"2019-08-24T15:15:25Z","timestamp":1566659725000},"page":"2096-2104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Differences in clinicopathologic variables between\n                    <i>Borrelia<\/i>\n                    C6 antigen seroreactive and\n                    <i>Borrelia<\/i>\n                    C6 seronegative glomerulopathy in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5058-1243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moria A.","family":"Borys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis , Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California-Davis Department of Population Health and Reproduction, , Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frederick C.","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California-Davis Department of Pathology, , Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California-Davis Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6354a1","article-title":"Summary of notifiable infectious diseases and conditions\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"63","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2011.00334.x","article-title":"Spatial distribution of seroprevalence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in Washington, Oregon, and California","volume":"40","author":"Carrade","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/1530366041210710","article-title":"Passive tick surveillance, dog seropositivity, and incidence of human Lyme disease","volume":"4","author":"Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.546","article-title":"Canine surveillance system for Lyme borreliosis in Wisconsin and northern Illinois: geographic distribution and risk factor analysis","volume":"65","author":"Guerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.200.03.344","article-title":"Relationship between development of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs","volume":"200","author":"Levy","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0006","first-page":"23","article-title":"Retrospective clinical and molecular analysis of conditioned laboratory dogs (Canis familiaris) with serologic reactions to Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Rickettsia rickettsii","volume":"47","author":"Scorpio","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80206-8","article-title":"Antigenic variation in Lyme disease borreliae by promiscuous recombination of VMP-like sequence cassettes","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.121","article-title":"Lyme neuroborreliosis-epidemiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Koedel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S66739","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease: misconceptions and challenges for patient management","volume":"8","author":"Halperin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.12.027","article-title":"Cardiac tropism of Borrelia burgdorferi: an autopsy study of sudden cardiac death associated with Lyme carditis","volume":"186","author":"Muehlenbachs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.012","article-title":"Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Aucott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.006","article-title":"Chronic Lyme disease","volume":"29","author":"Lantos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1988.tb02810.x","article-title":"Complete heart block in a dog seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi. Similarity to human Lyme carditis","volume":"2","author":"Levy","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1104","article-title":"Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone","volume":"62","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715626486","article-title":"Fatal pyogranulomatous myocarditis in 10 boxer puppies","volume":"28","author":"Detmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0016","first-page":"17","article-title":"Post-infectious glomerulonephritis presenting as acute renal failure in a patient with Lyme disease","volume":"3","author":"Rolla","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Renal Inj Prev"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2003.11.014","article-title":"MPGN secondary to Lyme disease","volume":"43","author":"Kirmizis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589703400201","article-title":"Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987-1992)","volume":"34","author":"Dambach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14573","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and histopathologic renal abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis","volume":"30","author":"Mehrkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0131.x","article-title":"Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected \u201cLyme nephritis\u201d","volume":"22","author":"Hutton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.229.8.1260","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis","volume":"229","author":"Chou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0022","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for treatment for dogs with serology positive glomerular disease","volume":"27","author":"Goldstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1086\/517252","article-title":"Autoimmune thrombocytopenia associated with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"28","author":"Stefan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1086\/313541","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia and Borrelia burgdorferi: an association remains unproven","volume":"29","author":"Nadelman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103188","article-title":"Are patients with erythema migrans who have leukopenia and\/or thrombocytopenia coinfected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum or tick-borne encephalitis virus?","volume":"9","author":"Strle","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02929-12","article-title":"Differences and similarities between culture-confirmed human granulocytic anaplasmosis and early Lyme disease","volume":"51","author":"Wormser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1988.193.02.237","article-title":"Renal lesions associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a dog","volume":"193","author":"Grauer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870701900312","article-title":"Microalbuminuria and comparison of serologic testing for exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi in nonclinical Labrador and Golden retrievers","volume":"19","author":"Goldstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.2774-2779.1993","article-title":"Association of treatment-resistant chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and antibody reactivity to OspA and OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"61","author":"Kalish","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007263230402","article-title":"Association of chronic Lyme arthritis with HLA-DR4 and HLA-DR2 alleles","volume":"323","author":"Steere","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052471","article-title":"Antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis is associated with HLA-DR molecules that bind a Borrelia burgdorferi peptide","volume":"203","author":"Steere","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25005","article-title":"HLA-DR alleles determine responsiveness to Borrelia burgdorferi antigens in a mouse model of self-perpetuating arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Iliopoulou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.002477","article-title":"Peptides presented by HLA-DR molecules in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Seward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00386","article-title":"Immunogenic HLA-DR-presented self-peptides identified directly from clinical samples of synovial tissue, synovial fluid, or peripheral blood in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or Lyme arthritis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37732","article-title":"A novel human autoantigen, endothelial cell growth factor, is a target of T and B cell responses in patients with Lyme disease","volume":"65","author":"Drouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv310","article-title":"A highly expressed human protein, apolipoprotein B-100, serves as an autoantigen in a subgroup of patients with Lyme disease","volume":"212","author":"Crowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.02.005","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-10 is a target of T and B cell responses that correlate with synovial pathology in patients with antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis","volume":"69","author":"Crowley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0038","first-page":"308","article-title":"Utility of an in-office C6 ELISA test kit for determination of infection status","volume":"3","author":"Levy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Ther"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12213","article-title":"Comparison of different diagnostic assays for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi-specific antibodies in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Barth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.245.1.80","article-title":"Performance of a commercially available in-clinic ELISA for detection of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Ehrlichia ewingii and Dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs","volume":"245","author":"Stillman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x","article-title":"Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM forum consensus statement (small animal)","volume":"19","author":"Lees","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922051582100_jvim15586-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15085","article-title":"ACVIM consensus update on Lyme borreliosis in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Littman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15586","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15586","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/33\/5\/2096\/66825647\/jvim15586.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/33\/5\/2096\/66825647\/jvim15586.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:08:00Z","timestamp":1770692880000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/33\/5\/2096\/8469885"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15586","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}