{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:32:33Z","timestamp":1787509953487,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2242,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,23]],"date-time":"2019-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism are increasingly recognized in small animal medicine and have a variety of causes ranging from chronic gastrointestinal disease to hereditary defects in cobalamin metabolism. Measurement of serum cobalamin concentration, often in combination with serum folate concentration, is routinely performed as a diagnostic test in clinical practice. While the detection of hypocobalaminemia has therapeutic implications, interpretation of cobalamin status in dogs can be challenging. The aim of this review is to define hypocobalaminemia and cobalamin deficiency, normocobalaminemia, and hypercobalaminemia in dogs, describe known cobalamin deficiency states, breed predispositions in dogs, discuss the different biomarkers of importance for evaluating cobalamin status in dogs, and discuss the management of dogs with hypocobalaminemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,23]],"date-time":"2019-11-23T09:18:55Z","timestamp":1574500735000},"page":"13-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5519-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kather","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig Department for Small Animals, , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Gr\u00fctzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , Halle (Saale),","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Kook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Dengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3485-5157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romy M.","family":"Heilmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig Department for Small Animals, , Leipzig,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, Massey University , Palmerston North,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0001","first-page":"533","article-title":"Inherited selective malabsorption of vitamin B12 in Giant Schnauzers","volume":"25","author":"Fyfe","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0002","first-page":"60","article-title":"Klinische Di\u00e4tetik f\u00fcr Kleintiere","author":"Hand","year":"2010","edition":"4"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0003","article-title":"Vegan Nutrition of Dogs and Cats [dissertation]","author":"Semp","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.suppl_12.2559S","article-title":"The effect of dietary levels of folate and cobalamin on the serum concentration of folate and cobalamin in the dog","volume":"124","author":"Davenport","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0005","article-title":"Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats","author":"National Research Council (NRC)","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1194","article-title":"Serum cobalamin, urine methylmalonic acid, and plasma total homocysteine concentrations in Border Collies and dogs of other breeds","volume":"73","author":"Lutz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/1040-8428(94)90022-1","article-title":"Inherited disorders of cobalamin metabolism","volume":"17","author":"Qureshi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0008","first-page":"G294","article-title":"Intrinsic factor-mediated intestinal absorption of cobalamin in the dog","volume":"241","author":"Marcoullis","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0009","first-page":"344","article-title":"Gastric and pancreatic intrinsic factor-mediated absorption of cobalamin in the dog","volume":"257","author":"Batt","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2852","article-title":"The functional cobalamin (vitamin B12)-intrinsic factor receptor is a novel complex of cubilin and amnionless","volume":"103","author":"Fyfe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0011","first-page":"247","article-title":"Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor","volume":"184","author":"Berlin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108187","article-title":"Transcobalamin I and II as natural transport proteins of vitamin B12","volume":"56","author":"Hall","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.02.004","article-title":"Cellular uptake of cobalamin: transcobalamin and the TCblR\/CD320 receptor","volume":"95","author":"Quadros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0014","first-page":"202","article-title":"Cyanocobalamin transport proteins in canine plasma","volume":"222","author":"Rappazzo","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-99-24254","article-title":"Biliary excretion of Co60 labeled vitamin B12 in dogs","volume":"99","author":"Willigan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.7.14.7901104","article-title":"Metabolic abnormalities in cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folate deficiency","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"1993","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03233.x","article-title":"Persistent cobalamin deficiency causing failure to thrive in a juvenile beagle","volume":"41","author":"Fordyce","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00330.x","article-title":"Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy secondary to selective cobalamin deficiency in a juvenile Border collie","volume":"46","author":"Battersby","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0019","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Failure to thrive and life-threatening complications due to inherited selective cobalamin malabsorption effectively managed in a juvenile Australian shepherd dog","volume":"56","author":"Gold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6195","article-title":"Methylmalonic aciduria secondary to selective cobalamin malabsorption in a Yorkshire Terrier","volume":"51","author":"McLauchlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1852","article-title":"Metabolism of amino acids in cats with severe cobalamin deficiency","volume":"62","author":"Ruaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(03)00113-4","article-title":"Ammonia potentiates methylmalonic acid-induced convulsions and TBARS production","volume":"182","author":"Marisco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8612","article-title":"Megalin-mediated endocytosis of transcobalamin-vitamin-B12 complexes suggests a role of the receptor in vitamin-B12 homeostasis","volume":"93","author":"Moestrup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00206.2000","article-title":"Megalin is essential for renal proximal tubule reabsorption and accumulation of transcobalamin-B12","volume":"282","author":"Birn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-03-1197","article-title":"Amnionless function is required for cubilin brush-border expression and intrinsic factor-cobalamin (vitamin B12) absorption in vivo","volume":"106","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.03.005","article-title":"Association between serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs","volume":"191","author":"Berghoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.02.002","article-title":"Serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs with cobalamin deficiency","volume":"197","author":"Gr\u00fctzner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.12.010","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of oral and parenteral cobalamin supplementation in normalising low cobalamin concentrations in dogs: a randomised controlled study","volume":"232","author":"Toresson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718824073","article-title":"Analytical quality assessment and method comparison of immunoassays for the measurement of serum cobalamin and folate in dogs and cats","volume":"31","author":"McLeish","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2011.02.005","article-title":"Laboratory tests for diagnosis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic diseases","volume":"26","author":"Dossin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.025","article-title":"Cobalamin in companion animals: diagnostic marker, deficiency states and therapeutic implications","volume":"196","author":"Ruaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.11.1368","article-title":"Effects of storage conditions and duration on cobalamin concentration in serum samples from cats and dogs","volume":"252","author":"Kempf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.11.004","article-title":"Effects of oral versus parenteral cobalamin supplementation on methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations","volume":"243","author":"Toresson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1021\/pr901103n","article-title":"Blood folate status and expression of proteins involved in immune function, inflammation, and coagulation: biochemical and proteomic changes in the plasma of humans in response to long-term synthetic folic acid supplementation","volume":"9","author":"Duthie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.11.001","article-title":"Hypohomocysteinemia: a potentially treatable cause of peripheral neuropathology?","volume":"23","author":"Cullen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0372","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia in health and disease: where we are now, and where do we go from here?","volume":"50","author":"Lippi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0037","first-page":"1392","article-title":"DACH-Liga homocysteine (german, austrian and swiss homocysteine society): consensus paper on the rational clinical use of homocysteine, folic acid an B-vitamins in cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases: guidelines and recommendations","volume":"41","author":"Stanger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14597","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its association with hypofolatemia and other clinicopathologic variables","volume":"31","author":"Heilmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_16","article-title":"Cobalamin deficiency","volume":"56","author":"Herrmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1209382","article-title":"Homocysteine as a predictive biomarker in early diagnosis of renal failure susceptibility and prognostic diagnosis for end stages renal disease","volume":"38","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14804","article-title":"Relationship between total homocysteine, folic acid, and thyroid hormones in hypothyroid dogs","volume":"31","author":"Go\u0142y\u0144ski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.861","article-title":"The homocysteine hypothesis of depression","volume":"164","author":"Folstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.03.005","article-title":"Homocysteine induces oxidative stress, inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis and reduces glycogen\/glycoprotein content in liver of rats","volume":"27","author":"Matt\u00e9","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000520","article-title":"Homocysteine measurement by an enzymatic method and potential role of homocysteine as a biomarker in dogs","volume":"20","author":"Rossi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12204","article-title":"Relationship between cobalamin-dependent metabolites and both serum albumin and alpha1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations in hypocobalaminemic dogs of 7 different breeds","volume":"43","author":"Gr\u00fctzner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/44.2.342","article-title":"Acidic citrate stabilizes blood samples for assay of total homocysteine","volume":"44","author":"Willems","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15380","article-title":"Daily oral cyanocobalamin supplementation in Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome) maintains normal clinical and cellular cobalamin status","volume":"33","author":"Kook","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/00365519209088369","article-title":"Serum methylmalonic acid in uraemia","volume":"52","author":"Moelby","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.84","article-title":"Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease","volume":"74","author":"Berghoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.04.011","article-title":"Diagnosis and interpretation of intestinal dysbiosis in dogs and cats","volume":"215","author":"Suchodolski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01799848","article-title":"A case of familial \u201cbenign\u201d methylmalonic aciduria?","volume":"19","author":"Sewell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3180a0325f","article-title":"Long-term outcome in methylmalonic acidurias is influenced by the underlying defect (mut0, mut-, cblA, cblB)","volume":"62","author":"H\u00f6rster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2006.05.001","article-title":"Disorders of cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism: emerging concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Solomon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01437.x","article-title":"Holotranscobalamin\u2014a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B12 deficiency?","volume":"257","author":"Hvas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.11.1744","article-title":"Evaluation of indicators of cobalamin deficiency defined as cobalamin-induced reduction in increased serum methylmalonic acid","volume":"46","author":"Bolann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000481813","article-title":"Intestinal dsybiosis secondary to proton-pump inhibitor use","volume":"97","author":"Naito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05336-9","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion alters metabolic homeostasis by affecting gut signaling and colonic metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Zarrinpar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_18","article-title":"Physiological and molecular aspects of cobalamin transport","volume":"56","author":"Fedosov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Subcell Biochem"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15090","article-title":"Prospective long-term evaluation of parenteral hydroxocobalamin supplementation in juvenile beagles with selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome)","volume":"32","author":"Kook","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hct051","article-title":"The pathophysiology of elevated vitamin B12 in clinical practice","volume":"106","author":"Andr\u00e8s","year":"2013","journal-title":"QJM"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0061","first-page":"489","article-title":"Unexpected high plasma cobalamin: proposal for a diagnostic strategy","volume":"51","author":"Arendt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2014.01.014","article-title":"Characteristics of patients admitted to internal medicine departments with high serum cobalamin levels: results from a prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Brah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-014-0175-x","article-title":"Hypercobalaminemia is associated with hepatic and neoplastic disease in cats: a cross sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Trehy","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb01321.x","article-title":"Comparison of direct and indirect tests for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and antibiotic-responsive diarrhea in dogs","volume":"17","author":"German","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03011.x","article-title":"Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome","volume":"21","author":"Allenspach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02928.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prolonged survival is likely if clinical remission is achieved","volume":"21","author":"Batchelor","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0067","first-page":"202","article-title":"Small Animal Gastroenterology","author":"Suchodolski","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0068","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"235","author":"Cook","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.02.002","article-title":"Protein-losing enteropathies in dogs","volume":"41","author":"Dossin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712461250","article-title":"Evaluation of serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs of 164 dog breeds (2006-2010)","volume":"24","author":"Gr\u00fctzner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12588","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease versus chronic enteropathy in dogs: are they one and the same?","volume":"57","author":"Dandrieux","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0072","first-page":"196","article-title":"Schalm's Veterinary Hematology","author":"Weiss","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0073","first-page":"313","article-title":"Functional and morphological abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa in pernicious anemia\u2014a prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Hepatogastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199101000-00006","article-title":"Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency in dogs","volume":"29","author":"Fyfe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-35-5-392","article-title":"Cobalamin deficiency associated with erythroblastic anemia and methylmalonic aciduria in a Border Collie","volume":"35","author":"Morgan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5867","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory findings in Border Collies with presumed hereditary juvenile cobalamin deficiency","volume":"49","author":"Lutz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0077","article-title":"A Frameshift mutation in the cubilin gene (CUBN) in Border Collies with Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome (selective cobalamin malabsorption)","volume":"8","author":"Owczarek-Lipska","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12678","article-title":"Systemic Scedosporium proliferans infection in an 11-month-old Border collie with cobalamin deficiency secondary to selective cobalamin malabsorption (canine Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome)","volume":"59","author":"Erles","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esp100","article-title":"Association Study of Cobalamin Deficiency in the Chinese Shar Pei","volume":"101","author":"Gr\u00fctzner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.05.008","article-title":"Partial characterization of cobalamin deficiency in Chinese Shar Peis","volume":"191","author":"Bishop","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12284","article-title":"Selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption with proteinuria (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome) in juvenile Beagles","volume":"28","author":"Fyfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12094","article-title":"A frameshift mutation in the cubilin gene (CUBN) in Beagles with Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome (selective cobalamin malabsorption)","volume":"45","author":"Dr\u00f6gem\u00fcller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12295","article-title":"Degenerative liver disease in young Beagles with hereditary cobalamin malabsorption because of a mutation in the cubilin gene","volume":"28","author":"Kook","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12039","article-title":"Canine breed predispositions for marked hypocobalaminaemia or decreased folate concentration assessed by a laboratory survey","volume":"54","author":"Dandrieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreccr-2015-000201","article-title":"Congenital cobalamin malabsorption (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome) in two Beagles in the UK","volume":"3","author":"Murtagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-013-0247-1","article-title":"Reversible skin hyperpigmentation in Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Shivbalan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0087","first-page":"965","article-title":"Schalm's Veterinary Hematology","author":"Fyfe","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-1-17","article-title":"Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome (selective vitamin B12 malabsorption with proteinuria)","volume":"1","author":"Gr\u00e4sbeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15348","article-title":"Relationship between cobalamin and folate deficiencies and anemia in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Stanley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0090","first-page":"126","article-title":"Congenital cobalamin deficiency in seven Beagle puppies","volume":"38","author":"Barron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Austral Vet Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1983.tb01240.x","article-title":"Impaired chemiluminescence and bactericidal killing by neutrophils from patients with severe cobalamin deficiency","volume":"55","author":"Skacel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12251","article-title":"Hepatic fungal infection in a young beagle with unrecognised hereditary cobalamin deficiency (Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome)","volume":"56","author":"Kook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714560881","article-title":"Inflammatory, immunological, and intestinal disease biomarkers in Chinese Shar-Pei dogs with marked hypocobalaminemia","volume":"27","author":"Gr\u00fctzner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1752-1","article-title":"Inherited selective cobalamin malabsorption in Komondor dogs associated with a CUBN splice site variant","volume":"14","author":"Fyfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2013.05.006","article-title":"An exon 53 frameshift mutation in CUBN abrogates cubam function and causes Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck syndrome in dogs","volume":"109","author":"Fyfe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2007.01570.x","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the Eurasian dog breed\u2014inheritance and exclusion of two candidate genes","volume":"38","author":"Proschowsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(93)50308-X","article-title":"Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"23","author":"Batt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0098","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","author":"Westermarck","year":"2005"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.08.1233","article-title":"Effect of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on cobalamin absorption in dogs","volume":"50","author":"Simpson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-199009000-00011","article-title":"Malabsorption of vitamin B12 in pancreatic insufficiency of the adult and of the child","volume":"5","author":"Gu\u00e9ant","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109873","article-title":"Cobalamin malabsorption due to nondegradation of R proteins in the human intestine. Inhibited cobalamin absorption in exocrine pancreatic dysfunction","volume":"66","author":"Marcoullis","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1991.tb00022.x","article-title":"Short report: lipid ad vitamin B12 malassimilation in pancreatic insufficiency","volume":"5","author":"Bang J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12845","article-title":"Effect of Enterococcus faecium SF68 on serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in healthy dogs","volume":"59","author":"Lucena","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.11.003","article-title":"Serum cobalamin and folate as prognostic factors in canine exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: an observational cohort study of 299 dogs","volume":"243","author":"Soetart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.01.001","article-title":"Laboratory tests for the diagnosis and management of chronic canine and feline enteropathies","volume":"41","author":"Berghoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0106","first-page":"860","article-title":"Radioactive vitamin B12 in the liver. II. Hepatic deposition, storage, and discharge of Co60B12 in dogs","volume":"52","author":"Glass","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.042","article-title":"Serum and fecal canine alpha1-proteinase inhibitor concentrations reflect the severity of intestinal crypt abscesses and\/or lacteal dilation in dogs","volume":"207","author":"Heilmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.03.001","article-title":"Fecal S100A12 concentration predicts a lack of response to treatment in dogs affected with chronic enteropathy","volume":"215","author":"Heilmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14739","article-title":"Chronic diarrhea in dogs\u2014retrospective study in 136 cases","volume":"31","author":"Volkmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15065","article-title":"Association of fecal calprotectin concentrations with disease severity, response to treatment, and other biomarkers in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathies","volume":"32","author":"Heilmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02293.x","article-title":"Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) in Cats with Gastrointestinal Disease","volume":"15","author":"Simpson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-6-1000","article-title":"Retrospective study on the diagnostic value of full-thickness biopsies from the stomach and intestine of dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease symptoms","volume":"43","author":"Kleinschmidt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0427.x","article-title":"Comparison of histopathologic findings in biopsies from the duodenum and ileum of dogs with enteropathy","volume":"24","author":"Casamian-Sorrosal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12041","article-title":"Comparison of histopathologic findings in duodenal and ileal endoscopic biopsies in dogs with chronic small intestinal enteropathies","volume":"27","author":"Procoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00055-X","article-title":"Protein-losing enteropathies","volume":"33","author":"Peterson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588802500105","article-title":"Gastroenteritis of Basenji dogs","volume":"25","author":"MacLachlan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2000.tb01502.x","article-title":"Familial protein-losing enteropathy and protein-losing nephropathy in Soft Coated Wheaten terriers: 222 cases (1983-1997)","volume":"14","author":"Littmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0118","first-page":"456","article-title":"Gastroenteropathy in Norwegian Lundehunds","volume":"29","author":"Berghoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0119","first-page":"406","article-title":"Protein-losing enteropathy in Rottweilers","volume":"135","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12291","article-title":"Clinical features, intestinal histopathology, and outcome in protein-losing enteropathy in Yorkshire Terrier dogs","volume":"28","author":"Simmerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0121","first-page":"2","article-title":"Protein losing enteropathy in Yorkshire Terriers\u2014retrospective study in 31 dogs","volume":"167","author":"Bota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revue de m\u00e9d v\u00e9t"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14669","article-title":"Histopathologic characteristics of intestinal biopsy samples from dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy with and without hypoalbuminemia","volume":"31","author":"Wennogle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0123","first-page":"103","article-title":"Dietary management of presumptive protein-losing enteropathy in Yorkshire terriers","volume":"58","author":"Rudinsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.1.91","article-title":"Evaluation of serum biochemical marker concentrations and survival time in dogs with protein-losing enteropathy","volume":"246","author":"Equilino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638713485960","article-title":"Serum concentration of canine alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in cobalamin-deficient Yorkshire Terrier dogs","volume":"25","author":"Gr\u00fctzner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Investig"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12384","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcome in dogs with small cell T-cell intestinal lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Couto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12769","article-title":"Low-grade gastrointestinal lymphoma in dogs: 20 cases (2010 to 2016)","volume":"59","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/30.11.1880","article-title":"Microbial effects on mucosal structure and function","volume":"30","author":"Abrams","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0129","first-page":"4150","article-title":"Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)","volume":"13","author":"European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA)","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.72.7735","article-title":"Long-term, supplemental, one-carbon metabolism-related vitamin B use in relation to lung cancer risk in the vitamins and lifestyle (VITAL) cohort","volume":"35","author":"Brasky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.suppl_9.55","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cubilin: of rats, dogs and men","volume":"17","author":"Verroust","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1984.tb09937.x","article-title":"Imerslund-Gr\u00e4sbeck anemia. A long-term follow-up study","volume":"73","author":"Broch","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-008-0839-4","article-title":"Causes of and diagnostic approach to methylmalonic acidurias","volume":"31","author":"Fowler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810369834","article-title":"Involuntary movements during vitamin B12 treatment: was cyanocobalamin perhaps responsible?","volume":"25","author":"Gr\u00e4sbeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70496-2","article-title":"Biochemical and clinical response to hydroxocobalamin versus cyanocobalamin treatment in patients with methylmalonic academia and homocysteinuria (cblC)","volume":"132","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-008-0804-2","article-title":"Diagnostic work-up and management of patients with isolated methylmalonic acidurias in European metabolic centres","volume":"31","author":"Zwickler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Inherit Metab Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19760063","article-title":"The forms of vitamin B12 in foods","volume":"36","author":"Farquharson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V92.4.1191","article-title":"Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin","volume":"92","author":"Kuzminski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-011-1764-6","article-title":"Oral vitamin B12 replacement: an effective treatment for vitamin B12 deficiency after total gastrectomy in gastric cancer patients","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0140","article-title":"Oral vitamin B12 versus intramuscular vitamin B12 for vitamin B12 deficiency","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001304156300_jvim15638-bib-0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13797","article-title":"Oral cobalamin supplementation in dogs with chronic enteropathies and hypocobalaminemia","volume":"30","author":"Toresson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15638","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15638","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/1\/13\/67007458\/jvim15638.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/1\/13\/67007458\/jvim15638.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:31:03Z","timestamp":1771569063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/1\/13\/8492620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-04-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-25","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}