{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T07:04:19Z","timestamp":1771571059200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2242,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,30]],"date-time":"2019-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-suppurative encephalitides in a variety of species, including humans and dogs, have been linked to infection by astroviruses and bornaviruses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether or not ribonucleic acid of astroviruses or bornaviruses was present in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of dogs with clinically diagnosed meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology (MUE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five client-owned dogs evaluated by CSF analysis at a single university referral hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective case-control study. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from clinically diagnosed MUE and control cases and evaluated by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for the presence of astrovirus and bornavirus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither astrovirus nor bornavirus nucleic acids were identified in CSF collected from 20 clinically diagnosed MUE and 5 control cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The negative results of this investigation suggest that astrovirus and bornavirus are not commonly detectable in CSF of dogs with MUE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,2]],"date-time":"2019-12-02T05:11:09Z","timestamp":1575263469000},"page":"232-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Investigation of astrovirus and bornavirus in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs clinically diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3611-972X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Collinet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5256-425X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-6134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jim","family":"Wellehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, , Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Childress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Comparative Diagnostic and Population Medicine, , Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6345-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila","family":"Carrera-Justiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00954.x","article-title":"Broadly reactive polymerase chain reaction for pathogen detection in canine granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis and necrotizing meningoencephalitis","volume":"26","author":"Barber","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.07.009","article-title":"Perspectives on Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin","volume":"44","author":"Coates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin Small Anim"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12233","article-title":"Necrotizing meningoencephalitis in atypical dog breeds: a case series and literature review","volume":"28","author":"Cooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.4.361","article-title":"Pathology in practice","volume":"247","author":"Eberly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985811429311","article-title":"Comprehensive Immunohistochemical studies on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), necrotizing Leukoencephalitis (NLE) and granulomatous meningoencephalitis (GME)","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02726.x","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction screening for DNA viruses in paraffin embedded brains from dogs with necrotizing meningoencephalitis, necrotizing leukoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalitis","volume":"19","author":"Schatzberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2006.11.006","article-title":"Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in cats and dogs: an immunohistochemical study","volume":"136","author":"Swab","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15288","article-title":"Testing for Bartonella ssp. DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with inflammatory central nervous system disease","volume":"32","author":"Bartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280152403263","article-title":"Viruses can silently prime and trigger central nervous system autoimmune disease","volume":"7","author":"Theil","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14877","article-title":"Metagenomic investigation of idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Hoon-Hanks","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01040-10","article-title":"Detection of a novel Astrovirus in brain tissue of mink suffering from shaking mink syndrome by use of viral metagenomics","volume":"48","author":"Blomstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01195-14","article-title":"Neurotropic Astrovirus in cattle with Nonsuppurative encephalitis in Europe","volume":"52","author":"Bouzalas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130682","article-title":"Divergent Astrovirus associated with neurologic disease in cattle","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1606.091536","article-title":"Astrovirus encephalitis in boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia","volume":"16","author":"Quan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81128-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic relationships among rhabdoviruses using the L polymerase gene","volume":"86","author":"Bourhy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.170804","article-title":"Outbreaks of Neuroinvasive Astrovirus associated with encephalomyelitis, weakness, and paralysis among weaned pigs, Hungary","volume":"23","author":"Boros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12623","article-title":"A novel astrovirus associated with encephalitis and ganglionitis in domestic sheep","volume":"64","author":"Pfaff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00091","article-title":"Detection of Astrovirus in historical cases of European sporadic bovine encephalitis, Switzerland 1958-1976","volume":"3","author":"Selimovic-Hamza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0550","article-title":"Borna disease in a dog in Japan","volume":"126","author":"Okamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1415627","article-title":"A variegated squirrel Bornavirus associated with fatal human encephalitis","volume":"373","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1233","article-title":"A comparative pathological study on canine necrotizing meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis","volume":"65","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.07.014","article-title":"Expression of microRNAs miR-21 and miR-181c in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in canine meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin","volume":"216","author":"Gaitero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00506.x","article-title":"Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog","volume":"57","author":"Glastonbury","year":"1981","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.031","article-title":"Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008","volume":"184","author":"Granger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589803500104","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of inflammatory cells in brains of dogs with granulomatous meningocencephalitis","volume":"35","author":"Kipar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0141.x","article-title":"Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid in dogs with type I intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"22","author":"Windsor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02056.x","article-title":"Fibrocartilaginous embolism of the spinal cord in dogs: review of 36 histologically confirmed cases and retrospective study of 26 suspected cases","volume":"10","author":"Cauzinille","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.015222-0","article-title":"Characterization of phylogenetically diverse astroviruses of marine mammals","volume":"91","author":"Rivera","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0029","first-page":"275","article-title":"Determination of the diversity of astroviruses in feces from cats in Florida","volume":"30","author":"Lawler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Diag Invest"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.10.035","article-title":"Characterization of an outbreak of astroviral diarrhea in a group of cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)","volume":"136","author":"Atkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006881","article-title":"Divergent bornaviruses from Australian carpet pythons with neurological disease date the origin of extant Bornaviridae prior to the end-cretaceous extinction","volume":"14","author":"Hyndman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(01)00184-2","article-title":"Sense and sensitivity- designing surveys based on an imperfect test","volume":"49","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E976","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1317064111","article-title":"Concerns over the origin of NIH-CQV, a novel virus discovered in Chinese patients with seronegative hepatitis","volume":"111","author":"Naccache","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027483","article-title":"Astrovirus infection in hospitalized infants with severe combined immunodeficiency after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Wunderli","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2127-2130.1998","article-title":"Borna disease in a dog with lethal meningoencephalitis","volume":"36","author":"Weissenbock","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00823.x","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous and necrotising inflammatory disorders of the canine central nervous system: a review and future perspectives","volume":"51","author":"Talarico","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5968","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02426-06","article-title":"Cell-to-cell spread of Borna disease virus proceeds in the absence of the virus primary receptor and furin-mediated processing of the virus surface glycoprotein","volume":"81","author":"Clemente","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026022001303374500_jvim15677-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00226-X","article-title":"Humoral immune response against Borna disease virus (BDV) in experimentally and naturally infected cats","volume":"90","author":"Johansson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15677","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15677","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/1\/232\/67007449\/jvim15677.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/1\/232\/67007449\/jvim15677.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T06:30:41Z","timestamp":1771569041000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/1\/232\/8492617"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15677","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-11-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}