{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:31:05Z","timestamp":1792798265841,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2225,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Michigan State University Center for Feline Health and Well Being","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hs6h993","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Michigan State University Center for Feline Health and Well Being","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hs6h993","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In contrast to dogs, the causes and outcomes of urinary incontinence (UI) in cats are largely unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the causes, identify comorbid conditions, and assess outcomes of cats with micturition disorders presenting as UI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five cats with UI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Medical records of cats presented from January 2006 to December 2017 were searched using 45 keywords related to UI. History, presenting complaint, and physical examination findings were used to confirm a diagnosis. Cases were categorized based on functional and anatomic localizations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five cats met inclusion criteria. Spinal cord disease was the most common cause of UI (n = 18), followed by urethral (n = 17), bladder (n = 9), and ureteral (n = 1) disorders. Proportions of voiding and storage phase disorders were similar (53% and 47%, respectively). However, voiding-phase disorders were observed more frequently in males and younger-aged cats (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.03). Urinary tract infection was detected in 11 of 28 (39%) cats. Outcomes were available in 38\/45 cases; 16 cats (42%) regained continence, 3 (8%) improved with treatment, and 19 (50%) remained incontinent or were euthanized. Multiple variable logistic regressions indicated that spinal cord disease was significantly more likely to be associated with poor outcomes compared to bladder or urethral disorders (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary incontinence in cats was associated with a variety of congenital and acquired disorders that affected both phases of micturition with similar frequency. Incontinent cats with spinal cord disorders were common and warrant a more guarded prognosis than do cats with bladder or urethral disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T05:44:34Z","timestamp":1576820674000},"page":"216-226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Retrospective analysis of diagnoses and outcomes of 45 cats with micturition disorders presenting as urinary incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0728-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaitlin M.","family":"Lonc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Kaneene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, , East Lansing, Michigan"},{"name":"Center for Comparative Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo A. 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