{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T01:58:57Z","timestamp":1794275937733,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2165,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clinical diagnosis (CDx) of pancreatitis includes evaluation of clinical signs, abdominal ultrasound (AUS), and pancreatic lipase. However, practitioners are using AUS to diagnose pancreatitis and are using AUS severity to guide decisions. The validity of this is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether (1) there is a correlation between AUS, specific canine pancreatic lipase (Spec cPL) assay, and CDx; (2) individual AUS abnormalities correlate more closely with CDx than others; (3) AUS severity mirrors clinical severity indices; (4) changes in AUS can be used as a marker for changes in Spec cPL or CDx; and (5) the sensitivity and specificity of AUS for pancreatitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred fifty-seven dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective case study, inclusion criteria were signs of gastrointestinal, pancreatic disease, or both, in addition to having a Spec cPL and AUS performed within 30\u2009hours. Information extracted from the records included bloodwork, Spec cPL, AUS images\/clips, and severity of ultrasonographic findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AUS was weakly correlated with Spec cPL (rs =\u2009.0178, P =\u2009.03) and moderately correlated with CDx (rs =\u2009.379, P =\u2009&amp;lt;.001). Pancreatic size (rs =\u2009.285, P =\u2009&amp;lt;.001), echogenicity (rs =\u2009.365, P =\u2009&amp;lt;.001), and mesenteric echogenicity (rs =\u2009.343, P =\u2009&amp;lt;.001) were correlated with CDx. Change in AUS was not correlated with Spec cPL or CDx changes. When pancreatic enlargement, echogenicity, or altered mesenteric echogenicity were required for a diagnosis, the sensitivity and specificity were 89% (95% confidence interval [CI] 71.8, 97.7) and 43% (95% CI 34.0, 51.6). When all 3 criteria were required, the sensitivity and specificity were 43% (95% CI 24.5, 62.8) and 92% (95% CI 85.3, 95.7).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AUS should not be used in isolation to diagnose pancreatitis and is a poor indicator of severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T05:20:08Z","timestamp":1579238408000},"page":"636-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Association between abdominal ultrasound findings, the specific canine pancreatic lipase assay, clinical severity indices, and clinical diagnosis in dogs with pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0236-2307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Cridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Mississippi State, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa M.","family":"Sullivant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Mississippi State, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Basic Sciences, , Mississippi State, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4452-1935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alison M.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Mississippi State, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00061-5","article-title":"Diagnosis of pancreatitis","volume":"33","author":"Steiner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0002","first-page":"166","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis in dogs and cats","volume":"30","author":"Xenoulis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02572.x","article-title":"Localization of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Newman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12262","article-title":"Pancreatic surgical biopsy in 24 dogs and 19 cats: postoperative complications and clinical relevance of histological findings","volume":"56","author":"Pratschke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00951.x","article-title":"A multi-institutional study evaluating the diagnostic utility of the Spec cPL\u2122 and SNAP\u00ae cPL\u2122 in clinical acute pancreatitis in 84 dogs","volume":"26","author":"McCord","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00007.x","article-title":"Validation and diagnostic efficacy of a lipase assay using the substrate 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acid-(6'methyl resorufin)-ester for the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Graca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15039","article-title":"Evaluation of SNAP cPL, Spec cPL, VetScan cPL rapid test, and precision PSL assays for the diagnosis of clinical pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"32","author":"Cridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.01.002","article-title":"Acute pancreatitis and acute kidney injury in dogs","volume":"245","author":"Gori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12840","article-title":"Multicenter investigation of hemostatic dysfunction in 15 dogs with acute pancreatitis","volume":"29","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12994","article-title":"Comparison of initial treatment with and without corticosteroids for suspected acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"60","author":"Okanishi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00793.x","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of canine pancreas-specific lipase (cPL) and other markers for pancreatitis in 70 dogs with and without histopathologic evidence of pancreatitis","volume":"25","author":"Trivedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2007.05.005","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of the normal and abnormal pancreas","volume":"22","author":"Hecht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.05.665","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis: 70 cases (1986-1995)","volume":"213","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1983.tb00729.x","article-title":"Ultrasonic features of experimentally induced, acute pancreatitis in the dog","volume":"24","author":"Nyland","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vet Radiol"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0015","first-page":"144","article-title":"Small animal diagnostic ultrasound","author":"Nyland","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0016","first-page":"411","article-title":"Pancreatic pseudocyst associated with pancreatitis in a dog: ultrasonographic diagnosis","volume":"21","author":"Rutgers","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15507","article-title":"Ultrasonographic features of presumed gastric wall edema in 14 dogs with pancreatitis","volume":"33","author":"Murakami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0552.x","article-title":"The acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) score: a severity of illness stratification system for hospitalized dogs","volume":"24","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15421","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel clinical scoring system for short-term prediction of death in dogs with acute pancreatitis","volume":"33","author":"Fabr\u00e8s","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0020","first-page":"799","article-title":"Pancreas","author":"Washabau","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12158","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the SNAP and spec canine pancreatic lipase tests for pancreatitis in dogs presenting with clinical signs of acute abdominal disease","volume":"24","author":"Haworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15364","article-title":"Computed tomographic angiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis and evaluation of acute pancreatitis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"French","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12261","article-title":"Variability in the ultrasonographic appearance of the pancreas in healthy dogs compared to dogs with hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"56","author":"Granger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12285","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the pancreas in healthy dogs and in dogs with acute pancreatitis","volume":"57","author":"Rademacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.433","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of the pancreas and pancreatic duct in clinically normal dogs","volume":"74","author":"Penninck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0026","first-page":"711","article-title":"Serum pancreas-specific lipase concentrations in dogs with upper gastrointestinal foreign bodies","volume":"28","author":"Trehy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12447","article-title":"Prevalence of increased canine pancreas-specific lipase concentrations in young dogs with parvovirus enteritis","volume":"46","author":"Kalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00693.x","article-title":"Elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a negative outcome","volume":"50","author":"Kathrani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12376","article-title":"Canine pancreatic-specific lipase concentrations in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"28","author":"Mawby","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12652","article-title":"Serial measurement of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentration in dogs with immune-mediated disease treated with prednisolone","volume":"58","author":"Ohta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12521","article-title":"Canine pancreatic-specific lipase concentrations in dogs with heart failure and chronic mitral valvular insufficiency","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12818","article-title":"Canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity concentrations associated with intervertebral disc disease in 84 dogs","volume":"59","author":"Schueler","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0033","first-page":"309","article-title":"Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography","author":"Penninck","year":"2015","edition":"2"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711433598","article-title":"Association between canine pancreatic-specific lipase and histologic exocrine pancreatic inflammation in dogs: assessing specificity","volume":"24","author":"Mansfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.2061","article-title":"Computer-assisted ultrasound analysis of liver echogenicity in obese and normal-weight children","volume":"192","author":"Soder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026020302532126700_jvim15693-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12334","article-title":"Agreement of serum spec cPL with the 1,2-o-dilauryl-rac-glycero glutaric acit-(6\u2032methylresorufin) ester (DGGR) lipase assay and pancreatic ultrasonography in dogs with suspected pancreatitis","volume":"28","author":"Kook","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.15693","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15693","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15693","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/636\/66660773\/jvim15693.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/636\/66660773\/jvim15693.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:53:36Z","timestamp":1770105216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/2\/636\/8448306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15693","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-12-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-17","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}