{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:18:27Z","timestamp":1790702307763,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2165,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are limited data on potential dysbiosis of the airway microbiota in horses with asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesized that the respiratory microbiota of horses with moderate asthma is altered. Our objectives were (a) to quantify tracheal bacterial populations using culture and qPCR, (2) to compare aerobic culture and qPCR, and (c) to correlate bacterial populations with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen horses with moderate asthma from a hospital population and 10 controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective case-control study. Aerobic culture was performed on tracheal aspirates, and streptococci, Pasteurella multocida, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., as well as 16S (bacterial) and 18S (fungal) rRNA subunits were quantified by qPCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potential pathogens such as Streptococcus spp., Actinobacillus spp., and Pasteurellaceae were isolated from 8, 5, and 6 horses with asthma and 3, 0, and 2 controls, respectively. There was a positive correlation between Streptococcus spp. DNA and 16S rRNA gene (r \u2265\u20090.7, P \u2264 0.02 in both groups), but the overall bacterial load (16S) was lower in asthma (1.5\u2009\u00b1\u20091.3 versus 2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009\u00d7\u2009104 copy\/\u03bcL, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). There was no association between microbial populations and clinical signs, tracheal mucus or BALF inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study does not support that bacterial overgrowth is a common feature of chronic moderate asthma in horses. Lower bacterial load could suggest dysbiosis of the lower airways, either as a consequence of chronic inflammation or previous treatments, or as a perpetuating factor of inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T07:22:23Z","timestamp":1580109743000},"page":"986-995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Tracheal microbial populations in horses with moderate asthma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Estelle","family":"Manguin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Department of Clinical Sciences, , Quebec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"P\u00e9pin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Department of Clinical Sciences, , Quebec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxane","family":"Boivin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Department of Clinical Sciences, , Quebec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3910-0370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde","family":"Leclere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Department of Clinical Sciences, , Quebec,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13824","article-title":"Inflammatory airway disease of horses: revised consensus statement","volume":"30","author":"Couetil","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2746\/042516407X180129","article-title":"A survey of horse owners in Great Britain regarding horses in their care. Part 2: risk factors for recurrent airway obstruction","volume":"39","author":"Hotchkiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776249796","article-title":"A case-control study of respiratory disease in Thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney","volume":"33","author":"Christley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Australia Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.120-126.2005","article-title":"Association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in British racehorses","volume":"43","author":"Wood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12109","article-title":"Infectious risk factors and clinical indicators for tracheal mucus in British National Hunt racehorses","volume":"46","author":"Cardwell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1092-5","article-title":"Upper and lower respiratory tract microbiota in horses: bacterial communities associated with health and mild asthma (inflammatory airway disease) and effects of dexamethasone","volume":"17","author":"Bond","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2017-0228OC","article-title":"Lung microbiome is influenced by the environment and asthmatic status in an equine model of asthma","volume":"60","author":"Fillion-Bertrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0494-3","article-title":"Detection of pathogens by real-time PCR in adult patients with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma","volume":"17","author":"Yoshii","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008578","article-title":"Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways","volume":"5","author":"Hilty","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70268-9","article-title":"The role of bacterial infections in asthma","volume":"21","author":"Kraft","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.048","article-title":"Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma","volume":"127","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201304-0775OC","article-title":"The effects of airway microbiome on corticosteroid responsiveness in asthma","volume":"188","author":"Goleva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.02.009","article-title":"Influence of short distance transportation on tracheal bacterial content and lower airway cytology in horses","volume":"214","author":"Allano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.11.4799-4807.1999","article-title":"Direct analysis of genes encoding 16S rRNA from complex communities reveals many novel molecular species within the human gut","volume":"65","author":"Suau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044864525","article-title":"Endoscopic scoring of mucus quantity and quality: observer and horse variance and relationship to inflammation, mucus viscoelasticity and volume","volume":"36","author":"Gerber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.08.1310","article-title":"Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"54","author":"Lapointe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12109","article-title":"Infectious risk factors and clinical indicators for tracheal mucus in British National Hunt racehorses","volume":"46","author":"Cardwell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1993.tb02970.x","article-title":"Streptococci and Pasteurella spp. associated with disease of the equine lower respiratory tract","volume":"25","author":"Wood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.146.4.91","article-title":"Retrospective study of the relationships between age, inflammation and the isolation of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract of thoroughbred horses","volume":"146","author":"Chapman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-017-0037-y","article-title":"Microbiome and asthma","volume":"4","author":"Sokolowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asthma Res Pract"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.02.007","article-title":"The microbiome in allergic disease: current understanding and future opportunities-2017 PRACTALL document of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology","volume":"139","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.03.008","article-title":"The infant nasopharyngeal microbiome impacts severity of lower respiratory infection and risk of asthma development","volume":"17","author":"Teo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01725","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01725-15","article-title":"Corynebacterium accolens releases antipneumococcal free fatty acids from human nostril and skin surface triacylglycerols","volume":"7","author":"Bomar","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475518816591","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and asthma in children","volume":"49","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0584-z","article-title":"Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides","volume":"18","author":"Webley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-9-14","article-title":"Chlamydophila spp. infection in horses with recurrent airway obstruction: similarities to human chronic obstructive disease","volume":"9","author":"Theegarten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"2026020302533812100_jvim15707-bib-0027","first-page":"184","article-title":"Does antimicrobial therapy improve outcomes in horses with severe equine asthma and a positive tracheal wash bacterial culture?","volume":"82","author":"Husulak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.15707","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15707","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15707","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/986\/66660702\/jvim15707.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/2\/986\/66660702\/jvim15707.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:53:46Z","timestamp":1770105226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/2\/986\/8448293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15707","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-10","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-01-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}