{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:04:58Z","timestamp":1770753898151,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2104,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Hugh G. Ward Endowment Chair"},{"name":"Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Internal Competitive Research Grant"},{"name":"Dr. Hugh G. Ward Endowment Chair"},{"name":"Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine Internal Competitive Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs are often adminstered &amp;gt;1 immunosuppressive medication when treating immune-mediated diseases, and determining whether these different medications affect IL-2 expression would be useful when performing pharmacodynamic monitoring during cyclosporine therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the effects of 5 medications (prednisone, cyclosporine, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and leflunomide) on activated T-cell expression of the cytokines IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, cross-over study comparing values before and after treatment, and comparing values after treatment among drugs. Dogs were administered each drug at standard oral doses for 1\u2009week, with a washout of at least 21\u2009days. Activated T-cell expression of IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 mRNA was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Blood drug concentrations were measured for cyclosporine, mycophenolate, and leflunomide metabolites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Least squares means (with 95% confidence interval) before treatment for IL-2 (2.91 [2.32-3.50] \u0394Ct) and IFN-\u03b3 (2.33 [1.66-3.00 \u0394Ct]) values were significantly lower (both P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) than values after treatment (10.75 [10.16-11.34] and 10.79 [10.11-11.46] \u0394Ct, respectively) with cyclosporine. Similarly, least squares means before treatment for IL-2 (1.55 [1.07-2.02] \u0394Ct) and IFN-\u03b3 (2.62 [2.32-2.92] \u0394Ct) values were significantly lower (both P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) than values after treatment (3.55 [3.06-4.00] and 5.22 [4.92-5.52] \u0394Ct, respectively) with prednisone. Comparing delta cycle threshold values after treatment among drugs, cyclosporine was significantly different than prednisone (IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 both P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), with cyclosporine more suppressive than prednisone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prednisone and cyclosporine both affected expression of IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3, suggesting that both have the ability to influence results when utilizing pharmacodynamic monitoring of cyclosporine treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T07:41:15Z","timestamp":1581579675000},"page":"1206-1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of oral administration of 5 immunosuppressive agents on activated T-cell cytokine expression in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2395-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Todd M.","family":"Archer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Starkville, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlee","family":"Mulligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Starkville, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Starkville, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Riggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Starkville, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Fellman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Starkville, Mississippi"},{"name":"Tufts University Department of Clinical Sciences, , North, MA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5678-8923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Thomason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Starkville, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Wills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Population and Preventative Medicine, , Starkville, Mississippi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University Department of Anatomy, , Auburn, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crisanta","family":"Cruz-Espindola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University Department of Anatomy, , Auburn, Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Harmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology and Pharmacology, College of 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