{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1790029206475,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2043,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,22]],"date-time":"2020-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute decompensation of CKD (ACKD) are common in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, and the short- and long-term prognosis of feline ACKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred cats with ACKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study, search of medical records for cats with ACKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Common clinical signs included anorexia (85%), lethargy (60%), weight loss (39%), and vomiting (27%). Suspected etiologies included ureteral obstruction (11%), renal ischemia (9%), pyelonephritis (8%), others (6%), or unknown (66%). Hospitalization duration was longer in survivors versus nonsurvivors (median = 7\u2009days, range = 2-26 versus median = 3\u2009days, range = 2-20, respectively, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). The survival rate to discharge was 58%. Age, serum creatinine, urea, and phosphorous concentrations were higher and venous blood pH was lower in nonsurvivors. However, only serum phosphorus remained associated with the short-term outcome in the multivariable model (P = .02; 95% confidence interval = 1.03-1.39). Survivors had a median survival time of 66\u2009days after discharge. Serum creatinine concentrations at presentation as well as at discharge were associated with long-term survival (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.002 for both).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The short-term prognosis of ACKD is comparable to acute kidney injury, while the long-term prognosis is guarded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,23]],"date-time":"2020-05-23T01:39:00Z","timestamp":1590197940000},"page":"1496-1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Acute on chronic kidney disease in cats: Etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, prognostic markers, and outcome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilla","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asia","family":"Dunaevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naama","family":"Apfelbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7130-1706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Kuzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6193-5817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Mazaki-Tovi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Itamar","family":"Aroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilad","family":"Segev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0001","first-page":"1955","article-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","author":"Polzin","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14536176","article-title":"Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England","volume":"17","author":"O'Neill","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.214.09.1336","article-title":"Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States","volume":"214","author":"Lund","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.04.008","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats","volume":"42","author":"Bartges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1987.190.09.1196","article-title":"Clinicopathologic findings associated with chronic renal disease in cats: 74 cases (1973-1984)","volume":"190","author":"DiBartola","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02892.x","article-title":"Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure is related to severity of proteinuria","volume":"20","author":"Syme","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0163.x","article-title":"Survival in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (2000\u20132002)","volume":"22","author":"Boyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13511446","article-title":"Prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected from four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies","volume":"16","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.3.320","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the development of chronic kidney disease in cats evaluated at primary care veterinary hospitals","volume":"244","author":"Greene","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.06.001","article-title":"Is progressive chronic kidney disease a slow acute kidney injury?","volume":"46","author":"Cowgill","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815622975","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in aged cats: clinical features, morphology, and proposed pathogeneses","volume":"53","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.06.011","article-title":"Kidney disease and the nexus of chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury","volume":"46","author":"Yerramilli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00874.x","article-title":"Clinicopathological variables predicting progression of azotemia in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0014","first-page":"1955","article-title":"Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine","author":"Langston","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.5.728","article-title":"Acute intrinsic renal failure in cats: 32 cases (1997\u20132004)","volume":"232","author":"Worwag","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12698","article-title":"Improved long-term survival and renal recovery after acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients: a 20 year experience","volume":"21","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00074.x","article-title":"A retrospective case-control of acute renal failure in 99 dogs","volume":"11","author":"Vaden","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0063.x","article-title":"A novel clinical scoring system for outcome prediction in dogs with acute kidney injury managed by hemodialysis","volume":"22","author":"Segev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12108","article-title":"A retrospective study of acute kidney injury in cats and development of a novel clinical scoring system for predicting outcome for cats managed by hemodialysis","volume":"27","author":"Segev","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03042.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/inp.f2868","article-title":"Acute kidney injury in dogs and cats. Pathogenesis and diagnosis","volume":"35","author":"Mugford","year":"2013","journal-title":"In Pract"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-017-9694-9","article-title":"B-mode and Doppler ultrasound of chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats","volume":"41","author":"Bragato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X16656910","article-title":"Renal pelvic and ureteral ultrasonographic characteristics of cats with chronic kidney disease in comparison with normal cats, and cats with pyelonephritis or ureteral obstruction","volume":"19","author":"Quimby","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12387","article-title":"Cardiovascular\u2013renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement","volume":"56","author":"Pouchelon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.221.1724","article-title":"Ultrasonographic findings in cats with clinical, gross pathologic, and histologic evidence of acute pancreatic necrosis: 20 cases (1994\u20132001)","volume":"221","author":"Saunders","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12117","article-title":"Ultrasonographic findings of the pancreas in cats with elevated serum pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity","volume":"27","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13625","article-title":"Relationship between plasma fibroblast growth factor-23 concentration and survival time in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Geddes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14643","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in cats and the risk of total hypercalcemia","volume":"31","author":"van den Broek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13639","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of long-term oral treatment with telmisartan and benazepril in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Sent","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15343","article-title":"Risk factors for positive urine cultures in cats with subcutaneous ureteral bypass and ureteral stents (2010-2016)","volume":"33","author":"Kopecny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.10.1309","article-title":"Use of a subcutaneous ureteral bypass device for treatment of benign ureteral obstruction in cats: 174 ureters in 134 cats (2009-2015)","volume":"253","author":"Berent","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1980.tb04502.x","article-title":"Renal impairment and its reversibility following variable periods of complete ureteric obstruction","volume":"50","author":"Fink","year":"1980","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Surg"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0033","first-page":"199","article-title":"Renal injury and recovery in partial ureteric obstruction","volume":"149","author":"Leahy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Urol Pract"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0034","first-page":"71","article-title":"Ureteral obstruction in dogs and cats","volume":"68","author":"Shipov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Isr J Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.4.570","article-title":"Evaluation of trends in urolith composition in cats: 5,230 cases (1985\u20132004)","volume":"231","author":"Cannon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.932","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and ultrasonographic abnormalities in cats with ureteral calculi: 163 cases (1984\u20132002)","volume":"226","author":"Kyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.937","article-title":"Management and outcome of cats with ureteral calculi: 153 cases (1984\u20132002)","volume":"226","author":"Kyles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101194","article-title":"The renal excretion of inorganic phosphate in relation to the action of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone","volume":"20","author":"Harrison","year":"1941","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03730410","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic significance of renal artery calcification in patients with diabetes and proteinuria","volume":"5","author":"Chiu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1982.43.06.1023","article-title":"Effect of dietary phosphorus restriction on the kidneys of cats with reduced renal mass","volume":"43","author":"Ross","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00920.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors and a prognostic index for cats with acute kidney injury","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00949.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis: potential application from experimental models and human medicine to dogs","volume":"26","author":"Mansfield","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/08860229309065568","article-title":"Renal microcirculation in experimental acute pancreatitis of dogs","volume":"15","author":"Nishiwaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP66223","article-title":"Acute renal cortical necrosis in a series of young men with severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"66","author":"Alfonzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2012.09.001","article-title":"Pancreatitis in cats","volume":"27","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15047","article-title":"Assessment of canine pancreas-specific lipase and outcomes in dogs with hemodialysis-dependent acute kidney injury","volume":"32","author":"Takada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302590418800_jvim15808-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006497","article-title":"Long-term prognosis after acute kidney injury (AKI): what is the role of baseline kidney function and recovery? A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Sawhney","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.15808","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15808","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15808","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/4\/1496\/66660840\/jvim15808.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/4\/1496\/66660840\/jvim15808.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:59:14Z","timestamp":1770105554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/4\/1496\/8448319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15808","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}