{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1793444030683,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1981,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioChange Ltd."},{"name":"BioChange Ltd."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bulking agent implantation is a minimally invasive intervention for the management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the novel bulking agent VetFoam for the management of urinary incontinence in female dogs diagnosed with USMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen client-owned female dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Female dogs diagnosed with USMI, refractory, or unamenable to medical treatment were included. VetFoam was injected under endoscopic guidance into the urethral submucosa. Continence score was evaluated before and after the procedure and monthly thereafter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-two injection procedures were performed in 15 dogs (5 dogs underwent &amp;gt;1 procedure). Median age of all dogs at the time of the procedure was 111\u2009months (range, 18-180). Median continence score significantly increased after, compared with before bulking agent injection (1.5; range, 1.0-3.5 versus 4.0; range, 1.5-5 respectively; P &amp;lt;\u2009.001; effect size, 2.6). Continence was achieved in 13\/15 (87%) dogs after the first procedure and in 7\/7 (100%) repeated procedures. Overall, 20\/22 (91%) procedures resulted in high (\u22654) continence scores at time of first follow-up. Mean duration of continence was 11.1 months (SD, 10.7) after the first injection. One dog (7%) developed self-limiting stranguria, pollakiuria, and tenesmus while no other apparent adverse effects were recognized in the other dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VetFoam is an apparently safe, effective novel bulking agent, which can be used as an alternative for the management of USMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T04:35:50Z","timestamp":1595219750000},"page":"1914-1919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of cross-linked gelatin as a bulking agent for the management of urinary sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5549-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilla","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Shipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilad","family":"Segev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02099.x","article-title":"Urinary incontinence in the bitch due to sphincter mechanism incompetence: prevalence in referred dogs and retrospective analysis of sixty cases","volume":"26","author":"Holt","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.06.011","article-title":"Acquired urinary incontinence in the bitch: update and perspectives from human medicine. Part 2: the urethral component, pathophysiology and medical treatment","volume":"186","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.4.723","article-title":"Evaluation of the urodynamic and hemodynamic effects of orally administered phenylpropanolamine and ephedrine in female dogs","volume":"67","author":"Carofiglio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0004","first-page":"5892","article-title":"Veterinary Surgery Small Animal","author":"Lux","year":"2018","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0005","first-page":"537","article-title":"Long-term evaluation of colposuspension in the treatment of urinary incontinence due to incompetence of the urethral sphincter mechanism in the bitch","volume":"127","author":"Holt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.770","article-title":"Evaluation of colposuspension for treatment of incontinence in spayed female dogs","volume":"219","author":"Rawlings","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02452.x","article-title":"Urethropexy for the management of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the bitch","volume":"42","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12084.x","article-title":"The outcome of combined urethropexy and colposuspension for management of bitches with urinary incontinence associated with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"43","author":"Martinoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00735.x","article-title":"Transobturator vaginal tape inside out for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs: cadaveric study and preliminary study in continent female dogs","volume":"39","author":"Claeys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00737.x","article-title":"Transobturator vaginal tape inside out for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence: preliminary results in 7 female dogs","volume":"39","author":"Claeys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12947","article-title":"Long-term outcome of the transobturator vaginal tape inside out for the treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in female dogs","volume":"48","author":"Hamon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0012","first-page":"73","article-title":"Evaluation of long-term effects of endoscopic injection of collagen into the urethral submucosa for treatment of urethral sphincter incompetence in female dogs: 40 cases (1993\u20132000)","volume":"226","author":"Barth","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.10.002","article-title":"Acquired urinary incontinence in the bitch: update and perspectives from human medicine. Part 3: the urethral component and surgical treatment","volume":"186","author":"Claeys","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0759.x","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of urethral bovine cross-linked collagen implantation for treatment of urinary incontinence in female dogs","volume":"25","author":"Byron","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12949","article-title":"Retrospective analysis after endoscopic urethral injections of glutaraldehyde-cross-linked-collagen or dextranomer\/hyaluronic acid copolymer in bitches with urinary incontinence","volume":"60","author":"L\u00fcttmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2009.0406","article-title":"Cell delivery using an injectable and adhesive transglutaminase\u2013gelatin gel","volume":"16","author":"Kuwahara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Part C Methods"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050496","article-title":"Adhesion receptors and cell invasion: mechanisms of integrin-guided degradation of extracellular matrix","volume":"57","author":"Ivaska","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1021\/la026216r","article-title":"Thin films of collagen affect smooth muscle cell morphology","volume":"19","author":"Elliott","year":"2003","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0750091","article-title":"Studies on the chemical basis of the antigenicity of proteins. 1. Antigenicity of polypeptidyl gelatins","volume":"75","author":"Sela","year":"1960","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00369-1","article-title":"Synthesis and physicochemical analysis of gelatin-based hydrogels for drug carrier matrices","volume":"24","author":"Einerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-006-9046-2","article-title":"Transglutaminase reactivity with gelatine: perspective applications in tissue engineering","volume":"28","author":"Bertoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol Lett"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1723(03)80129-9","article-title":"Transglutaminase-mediated gelatin matrices incorporating cell adhesion factors as a biomaterial for tissue engineering","volume":"95","author":"Ito","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biosci Bioeng"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02927.x","article-title":"Effect of phenylpropanolamine and pseudoephedrine on the urethral pressure profile and continence scores of incontinent female dogs","volume":"21","author":"Byron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Int Med"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1996.tb01951.x","article-title":"Treatment of urinary incontinence in bitches by endoscopic injection of glutaraldehyde cross-linked collagen","volume":"37","author":"Arnold","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-006-0251-2","article-title":"The safety and efficacy of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer as an intra-urethral bulking agent in women with intrinsic urethral deficiency","volume":"18","author":"Hurtado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0026","first-page":"9","article-title":"Complications of Female Incontinence and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery","author":"Solomon","year":"2013","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)66010-7","article-title":"Urethral diverticulum following transurethral collagen injection","volume":"166","author":"Clemens","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2026020922101045000_jvim15857-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00460-3","article-title":"Correlation of urodynamic results and urethral coaptation with success after transurethral collagen injection","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjvim.15857","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15857","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15857","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/5\/1914\/66660622\/jvim15857.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/5\/1914\/66660622\/jvim15857.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:19:10Z","timestamp":1770693550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/5\/1914\/8448277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15857","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-09-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}