{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T23:42:01Z","timestamp":1771371721412,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1927,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the acid-base status of sick goats using the simplified strong ion difference (sSID) approach, to establish the quantitative contribution of sSID variables to changes in blood pH and HCO3\u2212 and to determine whether clinical, acid-base, and biochemical variables on admission are associated with the mortality of sick goats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred forty-three sick goats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Calculated sSID variables included SID using 6 electrolytes unmeasured strong ions (USI) and the total nonvolatile buffer ion concentration in plasma (Atot). The relationship between measured blood pH and HCO3\u2212, and the sSID variables was examined using forward stepwise linear regression. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to assess associations between potential predictor variables and mortality of goats during hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypocapnia, hypokalemia, hyperchloremia, hyperlactatemia, and hyperproteinemia were common abnormalities identified in sick goats. Respiratory alkalosis, strong ion acidosis, and Atot acidosis were acid-base disorders frequently encountered in sick goats. In sick goats, the sSID variables explained 97% and 100% of the changes in blood pH and HCO3\u2212, respectively. The results indicated that changes in the respiratory rate (&amp;lt;16 respirations per minute), USI, and pH at admission were associated with increased hazard of hospital mortality in sick goats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sSID approach is a useful methodology to quantify acid-base disorders in goats and to determine the mechanisms of their development. Clinicians should consider calculation of USI in sick goats as part of the battery of information required to establish prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,3]],"date-time":"2020-11-03T08:10:20Z","timestamp":1604391020000},"page":"2776-2786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Acid-base disorders in sick goats and their association with mortality: A simplified strong ion difference approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego E.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Clinical Studies, , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Bedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Clinical Studies, , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Darby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Palmisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"MacKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Renaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Population Medicine, , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.661159x","article-title":"Characterization of acid-base disturbances and effects on calcium and phosphorus balances of dietary fixed ions in pregnant or lactating does","volume":"66","author":"Fredeen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.022","article-title":"Acid-base and electrolyte status during early induced pregnancy toxaemia in goats","volume":"193","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.1.101","article-title":"Serum biochemical abnormalities in goats with uroliths: 107 cases (1992-2003)","volume":"230","author":"George","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0004","first-page":"112","article-title":"Die Berechnung der Wassersroffzahl des Blutes ous der freien und gebunden Kohlensaure desselben, und die Sauerstoffbindung des Blutes als Funktion der Wasserstoffzahl","volume":"78","author":"Hasselbalch","year":"1917","journal-title":"Biochemische Zeitschrift"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13590","article-title":"Physicochemical approach to determine the mechanism for acid-base disorders in 793 hospitalized foals","volume":"29","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12071","article-title":"Physicochemical interpretation of acid-base abnormalities in 54 adult horses with acute severe colitis and diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12003","article-title":"Traditional and quantitative assessment of acid-base and shock variables in horses with atypical myopathy","volume":"27","author":"van Galen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02780.x","article-title":"A comparison of traditional and quantitative analysis of acid-base and electrolyte imbalances in horses with gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"19","author":"Navarro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0009","first-page":"581","article-title":"Use of a quantitative strong ion approach to determine the mechanism for acid-base abnormalities in sick calves with or without diarrhea","volume":"19","author":"Constable","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12193","article-title":"Contribution of unmeasured anions to acid-base disorders and its association with altered demeanor in 264 calves with neonatal diarrhea","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12556","article-title":"Quantitative physicochemical analysis of acid-base balance and clinical utility of anion gap and strong ion gap in 806 neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"29","author":"Trefz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.1.297","article-title":"A simplified strong ion model for acid-base equilibria: application to horse plasma","volume":"83","author":"Constable","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0013","article-title":"How to Understand Acid-Based: A Quantitative Acid-Base Primer for Biology and Medicine","author":"Stewart","year":"1981"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1139\/y83-207","article-title":"Modern quantitative acid-base chemistry","volume":"61","author":"Stewart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0015","first-page":"84","article-title":"Evaluation of acid-base status and some serum biochemical parameters in male Nubian goat kids as influenced by dietary supplementation with molasses","volume":"8","author":"Elkhair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Med Anim Product"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181618946","article-title":"Comparison of acid-base models for prediction of hospital mortality after trauma","volume":"29","author":"Kaplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1995.78.6.2212","article-title":"Hepatic anion flux during acute endotoxemia","volume":"78","author":"Kellum","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9441(97)90020-4","article-title":"Splanchnic buffering of metabolic acid during early endotoxemia","volume":"12","author":"Kellum","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.11.039","article-title":"Defining metabolic acidosis in patients with septic shock using Stewart approach","volume":"30","author":"Mallat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5013","article-title":"Effects of prolonged endotoxemia on liver, skeletal muscle and kidney mitochondrial function","volume":"10","author":"Porta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0021","article-title":"Acid-base status and its clinical implications in critically ill patients with cirrhosis, acute-on-chronic liver failure and without liver disease","volume":"8","author":"Drolz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880803100403","article-title":"Acid-base balance in combined severe hepatic and renal failure: a quantitative analysis","volume":"31","author":"Naka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Artif Organs"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-019-01743-4","article-title":"Gap acidosis except lactic acidosis develops and progresses during chronic kidney disease stage","volume":"23","author":"Tanemoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12815","article-title":"Detection of endotoxin in plasma of hospitalized diarrheic calves","volume":"29","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1233","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002730","article-title":"Relationship of at admission lactate, unmeasured anions, and chloride to the outcome of critically ill patients","volume":"45","author":"Masevicius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0026","first-page":"1086","article-title":"Association of unmeasured strong ions with outcome of hospitalized beef and dairy diarrheic calves","volume":"58","author":"Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0027","article-title":"Veterinary Medicine","author":"Constable","year":"2017","edition":"11"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0028","first-page":"350","article-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","author":"St\u00e4mpfli","year":"2015","edition":"5"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5464","article-title":"A comparison of estimators to evaluate the discriminatory power of time-to-event models","volume":"31","author":"Schmid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0030","first-page":"201","article-title":"Stewart's Textbook of Acid-Base","author":"Wilkes","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2005.01.010","article-title":"Determinants of plasma acid-base balance","volume":"21","author":"Kellum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0032","first-page":"1229","article-title":"A physical-chemical analysis of the acid-base response to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"74","author":"Alfaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0033","article-title":"Acetazolamide-mediated decrease in strong ion difference accounts for the correction of metabolic alkalosis in critically ill patients","volume":"10","author":"Moviat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05192.x","article-title":"High-altitude effects on respiratory gases, acid-base balance and pulmonary artery pressures in equids","volume":"30","author":"Greene","year":"1999","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(98)80012-9","article-title":"Induce diarrhea in horses part 1: fluid and electrolyte balance","volume":"155","author":"Ecke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000053256.77500.9D","article-title":"Hyperchloremic acidosis: the classic example of strong ion acidosis","volume":"96","author":"Constable","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181a59165","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a longitudinal quantitative study","volume":"37","author":"Noritomi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R41","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2184","article-title":"Conventional or physicochemical approach in intensive care unit patients with metabolic acidosis","volume":"7","author":"Moviat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2020.02.027","article-title":"Acidosis predicts mortality independently from hyperlactatemia in patients with sepsis","volume":"76","author":"Wernly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1997.tb00076.x","article-title":"Determinants and utility of the anion gap in predicting hyperlactatemia in cattle","volume":"11","author":"Constable","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6898","article-title":"Preoperative cow-side lactatemia measurement predicts negative outcome in Holstein dairy cattle with right abomasal disorders","volume":"97","author":"Boulay","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17224","article-title":"Prognostic relevance of pre- and postoperative plasma l-lactate measurements in calves with acute abdominal emergencies","volume":"103","author":"Lausch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.09.018","article-title":"Venous blood lactate evaluation in equine neonatal intensive care","volume":"73","author":"Castagnetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12676","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of the prognostic utility of plasma lactate concentration, base deficit, pH, and anion gap in canine and feline emergency patients","volume":"28","author":"Kohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(64)90012-8","article-title":"detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise","volume":"14","author":"Wasserman","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.03.008","article-title":"The science and translation of lactate shuttle theory","volume":"27","author":"Brooks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1990.68.3.833","article-title":"Defining hypoxia: a systems view of VO2, glycolysis, energetics, and intracellular PO2","volume":"68","author":"Connett","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)91132-1","article-title":"Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis","volume":"354","author":"James","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71045-X","article-title":"Relation between muscle Na+K+ ATPase activity and raised lactate concentrations in septic shock: a prospective study","volume":"365","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0050","first-page":"375","article-title":"Stewart's Textbook of Acid-Base","author":"Mizoc","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60912-3","article-title":"Contribution of different organs to increased glucose consumption after endotoxin administration","volume":"262","author":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044913","article-title":"Effects of thiamine deficiency on brain metabolism: implications for the pathogenesis of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Butterworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.12.82","article-title":"Thiamine (vitamin B1) in septic shock: a targeted therapy","volume":"12","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/9.1.40","article-title":"Propylene glycol as a cause of lactic acidosis","volume":"9","author":"Kelner","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.1.149","article-title":"Plasma acid-base regulation above and below ventilatory threshold in late gestation","volume":"88","author":"Heenan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199602000-00008","article-title":"Serum lactate is not predicted by anion gap or base excess after trauma resuscitation","volume":"40","author":"Mikulaschek","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0B013E31816443CB","article-title":"Contribution of various metabolites to the \"unmeasured\" anions in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis","volume":"36","author":"Moviat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6200","article-title":"Causes of metabolic acidosis in canine hemorrhagic shock: role of unmeasured ions","volume":"11","author":"Bruegger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2006.09.017","article-title":"Unmeasured anions in children after cardiac surgery","volume":"133","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199908000-00030","article-title":"Unmeasured anions identified by the Fencl-Stewart method predict mortality better than base excess, anion gap, and lactate in patients in the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Balasubramanyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-002-1318-2","article-title":"The strong ion gap does not have prognostic value in critically ill patients in a mixed medical\/surgical adult ICU","volume":"28","author":"Cusack","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00917.x","article-title":"Importance of the effective strong ion difference of an intravenous solution in the treatment of diarrheic calves with naturally acquired academia and strong ion (metabolic) acidosis","volume":"26","author":"Mueller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0063","article-title":"Clinical signs, profound acidemia, hypoglycemia, and hypernatremia are predictive of mortality in 1,400 critically ill neonatal calves with diarrhea","volume":"12","author":"Trefz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00248.x","article-title":"Effects of collecting blood into plastic heparinised vacutainer tubes and storage conditions on blood gas analysis values in horses","volume":"38","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.241.7.922","article-title":"Effect of the size of evacuated blood collection tubes on total carbon dioxide concentration in equine plasma","volume":"241","author":"Tinkler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922105583300_jvim15956-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2000.tb00241.x","article-title":"Clinical assessment of acid-base status: comparison of the Henderson-Hasselbalch and strong ion approaches","volume":"29","author":"Constable","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Clin Path"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15956","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15956","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/6\/2776\/66826714\/jvim15956.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/34\/6\/2776\/66826714\/jvim15956.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:21:06Z","timestamp":1770693666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/34\/6\/2776\/8470081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15956","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}