{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:10:08Z","timestamp":1790107808780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1859,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comparative Gastrointestinal Society Royal Canin USA Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iron deficiency and cobalamin deficiency, as sequelae to chronic gastrointestinal (GI) disease, could result in anemia and increased morbidity in cats with chronic enteropathies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate iron deficiency in cats with chronic GI disease and its relationship with hypocobalaminemia, anemia, and disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty client-owned cats with primary GI disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, cross-sectional study. Cats were enrolled at the time of evaluation for chronic GI disease, after exclusion of comorbidities. CBC with reticulocyte indices, iron metabolism (serum iron and ferritin concentrations, total iron binding capacity [TIBC]), serum methylmalonic acid (MMA), cobalamin, and folate concentrations, pancreatic lipase and trypsin-like immunoreactivity, and disease severity were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anemia (hematocrit &amp;lt;30%), iron deficiency, and cobalamin deficiency were diagnosed in 4\/20, 7\/20, and 8\/20 cats, respectively. Hematocrit (rs =\u2009\u2212.45; P &amp;lt;\u2009.05) and body condition score (rs =\u2009\u2212.60; P &amp;lt;\u2009.01) negatively correlated with MMA. Median TIBC was lower in cats with increased vs normal MMA (218\u2009\u03bcg\/mL; range, 120-466\u2009\u03bcg\/mL vs 288\u2009\u03bcg\/mL; range, 195-369\u2009\u03bcg\/mL; P =\u2009.02). Hematocrit (rs =\u2009.51; P =\u2009.02), reticulocyte MCV (rs =\u2009.52; P =\u2009.02), reticulocyte hemoglobin content (rs =\u2009.71; P &amp;lt;\u2009.001), and percent transferrin saturation (rs =\u2009.79; P &amp;lt;\u2009.0001) positively correlated with serum iron concentration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Functional iron deficiency was common in cats with chronic GI disease. Associations between hypocobalaminemia, iron parameters, and hematologic parameters warrant further investigation on the impact of iron deficiency on chronic GI disease morbidity in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T20:28:59Z","timestamp":1606163339000},"page":"172-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Anemia, iron deficiency, and cobalamin deficiency in cats with chronic gastrointestinal disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Hunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee Department of Clinical Sciences, , Knoxville, Tennessee,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria C.","family":"Jugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Manhattan, Kansas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0001","first-page":"1930","article-title":"Anemia in Crohn's disease. Importance of inadequate erythropoietin production and iron deficiency","volume":"39","author":"Gasche","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sic"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.07.031","article-title":"State of the iron: how to diagnose and efficiently treat iron deficiency anemia in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"7","author":"Reinisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.014","article-title":"The relationship of mucosal bacteria to duodenal histopathology, cytokine mRNA, and clinical disease activity in cats with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"128","author":"Janeczko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000235097.86360.04","article-title":"Impaired intestinal iron absorption in Crohn's disease correlates with disease activity and markers of inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Semrin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32701","article-title":"Hepcidin regulation: ironing out the details","volume":"117","author":"De Domenico","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44S","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2003.12.011","article-title":"Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"116","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0007","first-page":"313","article-title":"Functional and morphological abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa in pernicious anemia\u2014a prospective study","volume":"25","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Hepatogastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15598184","article-title":"Serum cobalamin concentrations and small intestinal ultrasound changes in 75 cats with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study","volume":"19","author":"Jugan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb02293.x","article-title":"Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) in cats with gastrointestinal disease","volume":"15","author":"Simpson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12658","article-title":"Investigation of iron status and markers of inflammation in anaemic and non-anaemic hospitalised cats","volume":"58","author":"von Roedern","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0011","first-page":"13","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool","volume":"25","author":"Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fel Pract"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0012","first-page":"24","article-title":"Waltham feces scoring system\u2014a tool for veterinarians and pet owners: how does your pet rate?","volume":"11","author":"Moxham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Waltham Focus"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0549.x","article-title":"A clinical index for disease activity in cats with chronic enteropathy","volume":"24","author":"Jergens","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002864","article-title":"Correlation coefficients: appropriate use and interpretation","volume":"126","author":"Schober","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.02.001","article-title":"Hypocobalaminaemia is uncommon in cats in the United Kingdom","volume":"7","author":"Ibarrola","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.3.405","article-title":"Outcome of cats with low-grade lymphocytic lymphoma: 41 cases (1995\u20132005)","volume":"232","author":"Kiselow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12447730","article-title":"Serum cobalamin concentrations in cats with gastrointestinal signs: correlation with histopathological findings and duration of clinical signs","volume":"14","author":"Maunder","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2007.01.005","article-title":"Cobalamin, folate and inorganic phosphate abnormalities in ill cats","volume":"9","author":"Reed","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12152","article-title":"The relationship of serum cobalamin to methylmalonic acid concentrations and clinical variables in cats","volume":"27","author":"Worhunsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.012809.104804","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and the inflammatory response","volume":"30","author":"Wessling-Resnick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Reb Nutr"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13771","article-title":"Death in the intestinal epithelium-basic biology and implications for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"283","author":"Blander","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2006.tb00110.x","article-title":"Reticulocyte indices in a canine model of nutritional iron deficiency","volume":"35","author":"Fry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Clin Path"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0023","first-page":"272","article-title":"Stability and reproducibility of ADVIA I20-measured red blood cell and platelet parameters in dogs, cats, and horses, and the use of reticulocyte haemoglobin content (CHr) in the diagnosis of iron deficiency","volume":"134","author":"Prins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tijdschr Diergeneeskd"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12294","article-title":"Reticulocyte hemoglobin content does not differentiate true from functional iron deficiency in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Radakovich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin Path"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12219","article-title":"The utility of reticulocyte indices in distinguishing iron deficiency anemia from anemia of inflammatory disease, portosystemic shunting, and breed-associated microcytosis in dogs","volume":"44","author":"Schaefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin Path"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00004.x","article-title":"Hematologic and biochemical abnormalities indicating iron deficiency are associated with decreased reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) and reticulocyte volume (rMCV) in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Steinberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin Path"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.7.1416","article-title":"The role of iron status markers in predicting response to intravenous iron in haemodialysis patients on maintenance erythropoietin","volume":"16","author":"Tessitore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjhh.2015.02.004","article-title":"Evaluation of erythrocyte and reticulocyte parameters as indicative of iron deficiency in patients with anemia of chronic disease","volume":"37","author":"Torino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189952","article-title":"Treating iron deficiency in patients with gastrointestinal disease: risk of re-attendance in secondary care","volume":"12","author":"Tomkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15638","article-title":"Review of cobalamin status and disorders of cobalamin metabolism in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Kather","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0308.x","article-title":"Relationships between low serum cobalamin concentrations and methlymalonic acidemia in cats","volume":"23","author":"Ruaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02676.x","article-title":"Early biochemical and clinical responses to cobalamin supplementation in cats with signs of gastrointestinal disease and severe hypocobalaminemia","volume":"19","author":"Ruaux","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13630","article-title":"Iron status of cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"29","author":"Gest","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922080471800_jvim15962-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00713.x","article-title":"Characterization of the anemia of inflammatory disease in cats with abscesses, pyothorax, or fat necrosis","volume":"20","author":"Ottenjann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15962","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15962","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/172\/66649880\/jvim15962.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/172\/66649880\/jvim15962.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:14:41Z","timestamp":1770693281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/35\/1\/172\/8446783"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15962","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}