{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T05:50:47Z","timestamp":1791697847797,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1859,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) size and function using area-based indices and volumetric estimates is not well established in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report reference intervals and measurement variability for uni-, 2-, and 3-dimensional echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables to body weight. Unidimensional indices were to be compared to area-based indices and LV volume estimates to establish their clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty healthy Warmblood horses and 70 Warmblood horses with a primary diagnosis of mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function were measured using an existing echocardiography database. Weight-related variables were scaled to body weight (BWT). Reference intervals and measurement variability were calculated, the influence of valvular regurgitation on LV size and function was investigated and agreement between different variables for detection of reduced, normal, and increased LV size and systolic function was assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reference values for healthy Warmblood horses were reported. Measurement variability was sufficiently low for clinical use of all variables. Allometric scaling was effective to correct diastolic LV dimensions and cardiac output for differences in BWT. Various echocardiographic indices resulted in different conclusions regarding identification of LV enlargement and systolic dysfunction in healthy horses and horses with valvular regurgitation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Echocardiographic assessment of LV size and systolic function should include joint assessment of multiple uni- and multidimensional indices. Area-based or volumetric indices that reflect LV long-axis motion should be included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]],"date-time":"2020-11-28T03:55:45Z","timestamp":1606535745000},"page":"504-520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and systolic function in Warmblood horses using linear measurements, area-based indices, and volume estimates: A retrospective database analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Djamila","family":"Berthoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich Equine Department, , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-5402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin C.","family":"Schwarzwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich Equine Department, , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.12.008","article-title":"Equine echocardiography","volume":"35","author":"Schwarzwald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0002","first-page":"387","article-title":"Equine Internal Medicine","author":"Schwarzwald","year":"2018","edition":"4"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2010.01.002","article-title":"Assessment of left ventricular size and function in horses using anatomical M-mode echocardiography","volume":"12","author":"Grenacher","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2014.10.003","article-title":"Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0005","article-title":"Veterinary Echocardiography","author":"Boon","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0542.x","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of stress echocardiograms in healthy horses with 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, anatomical M-mode, tissue Doppler imaging, and 2D speckle tracking","volume":"24","author":"Schefer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0007","article-title":"Textbook of Clinical Echocardiography","author":"Otto","year":"2004","edition":"3"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.06.035","article-title":"Plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in horses with heart disease: a pilot study","volume":"192","author":"Trachsel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.12.003","article-title":"Atrial natriuretic peptide and cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy Warmblood horses and in Warmblood horses with mitral regurgitation at rest and after exercise","volume":"15","author":"Trachsel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.003","article-title":"Plasma atrial\/A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration in horses with various heart diseases","volume":"17","author":"Trachsel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.7.735","article-title":"Methods and reliability of echocardiographic assessment of left atrial size and mechanical function in horses","volume":"68","author":"Schwarzwald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02754.x","article-title":"Cardiac output measurement by partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, 2-dimensional echocardiography, and lithium-dilution method in anesthetized neonatal foals","volume":"19","author":"Giguere","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12034","article-title":"Doppler and volumetric echocardiographic methods for cardiac output measurement in standing adult horses","volume":"27","author":"McConachie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02496.x","article-title":"M-mode echocardiographic ratio indices in normal dogs, cats, and horses: a novel quantitative method","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02551.x","article-title":"Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs","volume":"18","author":"Cornell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14368","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial size and function in Warmblood horses: reference intervals, allometric scaling, and agreement of different echocardiographic variables","volume":"30","author":"Huesler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0053.x","article-title":"Heart murmurs and valvular regurgitation in thoroughbred racehorses: epidemiology and associations with athletic performance","volume":"22","author":"Young","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0018","first-page":"268","article-title":"An Introduction to Medical Statistics","author":"Bland","year":"2000","edition":"3"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"1","author":"Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800204","article-title":"Measuring agreement in method comparison studies","volume":"8","author":"Bland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","article-title":"Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic","volume":"22","author":"McHugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1881","article-title":"Changes over time in echocardiographic measurements in young Standardbred racehorses undergoing training and racing and association with racing performance","volume":"226","author":"Buhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2008.04.002","article-title":"Echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in normal Standardbred racehorses","volume":"10","author":"Zucca","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.2.205","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of changes in left ventricular size and valvular regurgitation associated with physical training during and after maturity in Standardbred trotters","volume":"240","author":"Buhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.02.014","article-title":"Effect of breed, sex, age and body weight on echocardiographic measurements in the equine species","volume":"95","author":"Al Haidar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04986.x","article-title":"Echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in normal ponies and horses","volume":"19","author":"Slater","year":"1995","journal-title":"Equine Vet J Suppl"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2012.03.001","article-title":"Relationship of heart rate and electrocardiographic time intervals to body mass in horses and ponies","volume":"14","author":"Schwarzwald","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0028","first-page":"3593","article-title":"Effect of obesity on resting heart rate among medical students","volume":"4","author":"Shekokar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biol Med Res"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2015.07.424","article-title":"Impact of obesity on autonomic modulation, heart rate and blood pressure in obese young people","volume":"193","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00812.x","article-title":"Comparisons of 2- and 3-dimensional echocardiographic methods for estimation of left atrial size in dogs with and without myxomatous mitral valve disease","volume":"25","author":"Tidholm","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.08.001","article-title":"Allometric scaling of echocardiographic measurements in healthy Spanish foals with different body weight","volume":"86","author":"Rovira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.06.904","article-title":"Echocardiographic evaluation of equine aortic insufficiency","volume":"48","author":"Reef","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2018.12.001","article-title":"Equine acquired valvular disease","volume":"35","author":"Marr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04084.x","article-title":"Severe mitral regurgitation in horses: clinical, echocardiographic and pathological findings","volume":"30","author":"Reef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12340","article-title":"Recommendations for management of equine athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities","volume":"28","author":"Reef","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.63.4.215","article-title":"Functional importance of the long axis dynamics of the human left ventricle","volume":"63","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br Heart J"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1067\/mje.2000.103961","article-title":"Long-axis contraction of the ventricles: a modern approach, but described already by Leonardo da Vinci","volume":"13","author":"Wandt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.85.1.30","article-title":"Assessment of left ventricular long axis contraction can detect early myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation","volume":"85","author":"Vinereanu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2005.09.019","article-title":"The role of left ventricular long-axis contraction in patients with asymptomatic aortic regurgitation","volume":"19","author":"Paraskevaidis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2007.06.074","article-title":"Ventricular long-axis contraction as an earlier predictor of outcome in asymptomatic aortic regurgitation","volume":"100","author":"Paraskevaidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.12.089","article-title":"The role of left ventricular long axis contraction in patients with asymptomatic non-ischemic mitral valve regurgitation and normal systolic function","volume":"124","author":"Paraskevaidis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020922090290500_jvim15968-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.077","article-title":"Prediction of cardiovascular outcomes with left atrial size: is volume superior to area or diameter?","volume":"47","author":"Tsang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.15968","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.15968","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/504\/66649793\/jvim15968.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/1\/504\/66649793\/jvim15968.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:16:53Z","timestamp":1770693413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/35\/1\/504\/8446767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.15968","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}