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Alternatives to antibiotics are needed for prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stimulation of pulmonary innate immune responses at the time of arrival to a feedlot reduces the occurrence and severity of BRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty beef steers at high risk of BRD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Calves received saline or a lysate of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by aerosol, at 16\u2009hours after feedlot arrival. Calves were monitored for 28\u2009days for disease outcomes and levels of Mycoplasma bovis and Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal swabs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Death from M\u2009bovis pneumonia was significantly greater in lysate-treated animals (6\/29, 24%) compared to controls (1\/29, 3%; odds ratio = 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-96.0; P = .04). By 28\u2009days after arrival, 29\/29 lysate-treated calves had ultrasonographic pulmonary consolidation compared to 24\/29 control calves (P = .05). Lysate-treated calves had lower weight gain compared to control calves (\u22128.8 kg, 95% CI = \u221217.1 to \u22120.5; P = .04), and higher body temperatures on days 4, 7, and 21 (0.19\u00b0C; 95% CI = 0.01-0.37; P = .04). Nasal M\u2009bovis numbers increased over time and were higher in lysate-treated calves (0.76 log\u2009CFU, 95% CI = 0.3-1.2; P = .001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aerosol administration of a bacterial lysate exacerbated BRD in healthy high-risk beef calves, suggesting that respiratory tract inflammation adversely affects how calves respond to subsequent natural infection with M\u2009bovis and other respiratory pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T13:08:03Z","timestamp":1610716083000},"page":"655-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of aerosolized bacterial lysate on development of naturally occurring 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