{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:14:37Z","timestamp":1787015677303,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1678,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In human medicine, congenital maljunction of the common bile duct (CBD) and main pancreatic duct (MPD), or pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM), is a known cause of cholecystitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile (a diagnostic marker for PBM) of healthy cats was measured to determine normal values and evaluate its relationship with biliary morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty-two healthy cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study of the biliary tracts of healthy cats during laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and measurement of pancreatic enzyme activity in bile. The cats were divided into groups A and B based on the ratio of the diameter of the cystic duct (CD) to the CBD. The normal ratio was 3.4. Pancreatic enzyme activity in bile was compared between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CBDs were straight in all cases, whereas the CDs were variably tortuous or dilated. Amylase activity in the bile (median, &amp;lt;100\u2009U\/L; range, &amp;lt;100-591\u2009U\/L) was lower than in serum in all cases, and group B, which had a CD\/CBD ratio &amp;gt;3.4, had significantly higher amylase activity (median, 109\u2009U\/L; range, &amp;lt;100-591\u2009U\/L) in the bile than did group A (median, &amp;lt;100\u2009U\/L; range, &amp;lt;100-238\u2009U\/L), which had a CD\/CBD ratio &amp;lt;3.4 (P\u00a0=\u00a0.0009).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that a dilated CD is associated with reflux of pancreatic juice. In the future, it will be necessary to examine the clinical usefulness of these findings by measuring pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile of cats with cholangitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T05:48:17Z","timestamp":1623476897000},"page":"1780-1788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile of healthy cats and its association with biliary morphology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi , Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Ozu Animal Clinic , 317 Ozumachimuro, Kikuchi-gun, Kumamoto Prefecture,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-6744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shidow","family":"Torisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Companion Animal Surgery , Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Kaneko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi , Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi , Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shushi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi , Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyokazu","family":"Naganobu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Miyazaki University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital Laboratory, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi , Miyazaki City, Miyazaki Prefecture,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1010-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kensuke","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine , Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, 18-9 Kita, Kita Ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0001","first-page":"860","article-title":"Strombeck's Small Animal Gastroenterology","author":"Center","year":"1996","edition":"3"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2005.09.001","article-title":"Feline cholecystitis and acute neutrophilic cholangitis: clinical findings, bacterial isolates and response to treatment in six cases","volume":"8","author":"Brain","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589603300506","article-title":"Histopathologic evaluation of feline inflammatory liver disease","volume":"33","author":"Gagne","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02451.x","article-title":"Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in healthy cats","volume":"17","author":"Savary-Bataille","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0005","first-page":"773","article-title":"The choledochoduodenal junction in the cat","volume":"41","author":"Boyden","year":"1957","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0006","first-page":"642","article-title":"The anatomy of the choledochoduodenal junction in man","volume":"104","author":"Boyden","year":"1957","journal-title":"Surg Gynec Obstet"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0007","first-page":"678","article-title":"Japanese clinical practice guidelines for PBM","volume":"26","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"JJBA"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02391070","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria of PBM","volume":"1","author":"The Japanese Study Group on Pancreaticobiliary Maljunction (JSPBM), The Committee of JSPBM for Diagnostic Criteria","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.08.024","article-title":"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction","volume":"7","author":"Kamisawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0010","first-page":"187","article-title":"The choledocho-pancreatico-ductal junction in infantile obstructive jaundice disease","volume":"30","author":"Suda","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0011","first-page":"133","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical features of pancreaticobiliary maljunction","volume":"25","author":"Morine","year":"2011","journal-title":"JJBA"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-002-0741-7","article-title":"Pancreaticobiliary maljunction: retrospective and nationwide survey in Japan","volume":"10","author":"Tashiro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0013","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical studies on congential choledochal cyst especially from definition and therapy","volume":"12","author":"Shinya","year":"1979","journal-title":"Jpn J Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.57","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for pancreaticobiliary maljunction 2013","volume":"21","author":"Kamisawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00588.x","article-title":"Cyst of the common bile duct in a cat","volume":"88","author":"Grand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0016","article-title":"Ultrasonographic and clinicopathologic features of segmental dilations of the common bile duct in four cats","volume":"3","author":"Spain","year":"2017","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2010.04.009","article-title":"Suspected choledochal cyst in a domestic shorthair cat","volume":"12","author":"Best","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12086","article-title":"Feasibility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in healthy cats","volume":"55","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1000380202","article-title":"The accessory gall-bladder\u2014an embryological and comparative study of aberrant biliary vesicles occurring in man and the domestic mammals","volume":"38","author":"Boyden","year":"1926","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12150","article-title":"Agreement of the serum spec fPLT M and 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac- glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6\u2032-methylresorufin) ester lipase assay for the determination of serum lipase in cats with suspicion of pancreatitis","volume":"27","author":"Oppliger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X19843212","article-title":"Feline abdominal ultrasonography: what's normal? what's abnormal? The biliary tree","volume":"21","author":"Griffin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.21608\/jva.2019.67225","article-title":"Anatomical forms of domestic cat (felis catus domesticus) gall bladder in Egypt with its relation to their biliary system","volume":"12","author":"Reem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Anat"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02065.x","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of the common bile duct in cats","volume":"10","author":"L\u00e9veill\u00e9","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14792","article-title":"Association between gallbladder ultrasound findings and bacterial culture of bile in 70 cats and 202 dogs","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17706465","article-title":"Feline biliary tree and gallbladder disease: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"19","author":"Corma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0026","first-page":"453","article-title":"Bilobed gallbladder in a cat","volume":"164","author":"Ergin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revue M\u00e9d V\u00e9t"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1993.tb02019.x","article-title":"Bilobed gallbladder in a cat: ultrasonographic appearance","volume":"34","author":"Moentk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0028","first-page":"269","article-title":"Congenital duplex gallbladder and biliary mucocele associated with partial hepatic cholestasis and cholelithiasis in a cat","volume":"53","author":"Woods","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00268.x","article-title":"Duplex gall bladder associated with choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis, gall bladder rupture and septic peritonitis in a cat","volume":"48","author":"Moores","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1975.12097015","article-title":"Sources of the serum isoamylases and their normal range of variation with age","volume":"10","author":"Skude","year":"1975","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.20.3.216","article-title":"Amylase activity in human bile","volume":"20","author":"Donaldson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2003.53","article-title":"Occult pancreatobiliary reflux in patients with a normal pancreaticobiliary junction","volume":"57","author":"Kan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-008-2158-9","article-title":"Amylase levels in bile in patients with a morphologically normal pancreaticobiliary ductal arrangement","volume":"43","author":"Horaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0034","first-page":"90","article-title":"Lipase","volume":"116","author":"Miyake","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rinsho Byori"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0035","first-page":"5","article-title":"Development of Fuji DRI-CHEM v-LIP-P slide that has the high specificity to pancreatic lipase","volume":"56","author":"Kentaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fujifilm Res Dev"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0036","first-page":"510","article-title":"Coexisting disorders in the gallbladder and histologic changes in the gallbladder mucosa in cases of pancreaticobiliary maljunction","volume":"7","author":"Yasuhisa","year":"1993","journal-title":"JJBA"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0037","first-page":"706","article-title":"Pancreaticobiliary reflux and biliary malignancy in individuals with a normal pancreaticobiliary junction","volume":"111","author":"Horaduchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1996.0019","article-title":"A new model for pancreaticobiliary maljunction without bile duct dilatation: demonstration of cell proliferation in the gallbladder epithelium","volume":"60","author":"Kaneko","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0039","first-page":"39","article-title":"Clinicopatholigical studies on cases with high amylase concentration of gallbladder bile","volume":"13","author":"Yuichi","year":"1999","journal-title":"JJBA"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0040","first-page":"538","article-title":"The significance of amylase activity in bile of biliary diseases","volume":"40","author":"Noboru","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hiroshima Med Ass"},{"key":"2026020922180705700_jvim16196-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i13.1965","article-title":"Amylase level in extrahepatic bile duct in adult patients with choledochal cyst plus anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union","volume":"11","author":"Jeong","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16196","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16196","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/4\/1780\/66651395\/jvim16196.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/4\/1780\/66651395\/jvim16196.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T03:29:50Z","timestamp":1770694190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/35\/4\/1780\/8446906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16196","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}