{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:23:22Z","timestamp":1787509402834,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1616,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge of the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of intracranial Coccidioides infection in dogs is essential for prompt diagnosis to limit disease-associated morbidity and death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the MRI appearance of intracranial coccidioidomycosis in dogs, identify associated clinical and clinicopathologic findings, and report outcomes of medical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-five client-owned dogs with presumed intracranial Coccidioides infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series. Medical records and images were reviewed. Clinical history, examination findings, serology, imaging characteristics, treatment, and outcome were recorded. Included cases had an abnormal brain MRI and positive Coccidioides serology by agar-gel-immunodiffusion (AGID).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median age was 7-years. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures were the most common presenting sign (25\/45). Two lesion categories were identified: a granulomatous form with 1 or more distinct, intra-axial, contrast-enhancing foci (37\/45), and a second variation with diffuse, bilateral, symmetrical lesions of the caudate nuclei and frontal lobes (8\/45). Serum IgG titers ranged from 1\u00a0:\u00a01 to \u2265 1\u00a0:\u00a0256; 2 dogs had positive IgM titers at 1\u00a0:\u00a02. All dogs with follow-up serology (34\/45) had a reduction in titer. Mean duration of follow-up was 22.4\u00a0\u00b1\u200920.5\u00a0months (median 16\u2009months). Six dogs were lost to follow-up &amp;lt;1-year after diagnosis (median 9\u00a0months). Five dogs were clinically well but had yet to be followed for &amp;gt;1-year. Of the remaining 34 dogs, 28 (82%) were alive \u2265 1-year after diagnosis. Thirteen of these dogs had follow-up times \u2265 2-years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prognosis for intracranial Coccidioides infection is generally more favorable with medical treatment than in earlier reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T06:55:20Z","timestamp":1629356120000},"page":"2222-2231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging features, treatment, and outcome for presumed intracranial coccidioidomycosis in 45 dogs (2009-2019)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8273-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley J.","family":"Kelley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialists in Companion Animal Neurology , Naples, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Stainback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Neurological Center , Phoenix, Arizona,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim E.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Neurological Center , Phoenix, Arizona,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trevor W.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Neurological Center , Phoenix, Arizona,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Neurological Center , Phoenix, Arizona,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4479-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia R.","family":"Shoup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Neurological Center , Phoenix, Arizona,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ctsap.2005.07.002","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: a diagnostic challenge","volume":"20","author":"Shubitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Tech Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0002","first-page":"613","article-title":"Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases","author":"Sykes","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5326\/0440226","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats: a review","volume":"44","author":"Graupmann-Kuzma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0004","first-page":"1","article-title":"A novel form of intracranial coccidioidomycosis is present in dogs and exhibits characteristic clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings","volume":"60","author":"Spoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0005","first-page":"598","article-title":"Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat","author":"Greene","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1097\/01.md.0000126762.91040.fd","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a reemerging disease","volume":"83","author":"Crum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12258","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging features and outcome for solitary central nervous system Coccidioides granulomas in 11 dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Bentley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0008","first-page":"937","article-title":"Canine coccidioidomycosis: a literature review and report of eight cases","volume":"19","author":"Armstrong","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05631-11","article-title":"Evaluation of Coccidioides antigen detection in dogs with coccidioidomycosis","volume":"19","author":"Kirsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14573","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and histopathologic renal abnormalities in dogs with coccidioidomycosis","volume":"30","author":"Mehrkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.007","article-title":"Comparative aspects of coccidioidomycosis in animals and humans","volume":"1111","author":"Shubitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.1846","article-title":"Incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic","volume":"226","author":"Shubitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.461","article-title":"Clinical, clinicopathologic, and radiographic findings in dogs with coccidioidomycosis: 24 cases (1995-2000)","volume":"222","author":"Johnson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1972.161.10.1108","article-title":"Coccidioides immitis encephalitis in two dogs","volume":"161","author":"Pryor","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy113","article-title":"Selected clinical features of coccidioidomycosis in dogs","volume":"57","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03277.x","article-title":"Coccidioidomycosis in 48 cats: a retrospective study (1984-1993)","volume":"9","author":"Greene","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02712.x","article-title":"Spinal cord granuloma due to Coccidioides immitis in a cat","volume":"19","author":"Foureman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1406.006","article-title":"Deep solitary brain mass in a four-month-old male with disseminated coccidioidomycosis","volume":"1111","author":"Nolt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.212.06.827","article-title":"Granulomatous meningitis caused by Coccidioides immitis in a dog","volume":"212","author":"Burtch","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15526","article-title":"Conventional and functional magnetic resonance imaging features of late subacute cortical laminar necrosis in a dog","volume":"33","author":"Alisauskaite","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.9264","article-title":"Imaging spectrum of CNS coccidioidomycosis: prevalence and significance of concurrent brain and spinal disease","volume":"200","author":"Lammering","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.2.240","article-title":"Central nervous system abscesses due to Coccidioides species","volume":"22","author":"Ba\u00f1uelos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0023","first-page":"1241","article-title":"MR findings in acute and chronic coccidioidomycosis meningitis","volume":"13","author":"Wrobel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2009.00778.x","article-title":"Monitoring and impact of fluconazole serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentration in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis-infected patients","volume":"11","author":"Manosuthi","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-3-199602010-00004","article-title":"Is it ever safe to stop azole therapy for Coccidioides immitis meningitis?","volume":"124","author":"Dewsnup","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.4.421","article-title":"Quality assessment of fluconazole capsules and oral suspensions compounded by pharmacies located in the United States","volume":"78","author":"Laporte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.08.010","article-title":"Fungal infections of the central nervous system in small animals: clinical features, diagnosis, and management","volume":"48","author":"Bentley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12049","article-title":"Ependymal and periventricular magnetic resonance imaging changes in four dogs with central nervous system blastomycosis","volume":"54","author":"Bentley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020303474851300_jvim16243-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0464-z","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: medical treatment of canine epilepsy in Europe","volume":"11","author":"Bhatti","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16243","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16243","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/5\/2222\/66672938\/jvim16243.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/35\/5\/2222\/66672938\/jvim16243.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:48:12Z","timestamp":1770108492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/35\/5\/2222\/8448784"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16243","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}