{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T14:20:27Z","timestamp":1788618027323,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1494,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity can be increased with myositis associated with Toxoplasma and Neospora infection in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum activity of CK and AST can be used as a rapid screen for predicting positive serology in meningoencephalitis caused by Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum in dogs compared to dogs with noninfectious meningoencephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty dogs with meningoencephalitis based on magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case-control study. Serological cutoffs (\u22651:800 immunofluorescence for Neospora and \u22651:400 IgG or \u22651:64 IgM or both for Toxoplasma) categorized dogs as infected (n\u00a0=\u00a021, all neosporosis) or noninfected (n\u00a0=\u00a059). Activities of CK and AST between infected and noninfected groups were compared using a Mann-Whitney U\u00a0test and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No dogs were diagnosed with toxoplasmosis. Serum CK and AST activities were significantly increased (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) in dogs with positive serology for Neospora (CK: median, 1334\u2009U\/L; range, 281-3633\u2009U\/L and AST: median, 124\u2009U\/L; range, 59-333\u2009U\/L) compared to noninfectious cases (CK: median, 215\u2009U\/L; range, 69-683\u2009U\/L and AST: median, 36\u2009U\/L; range, 19-139\u2009U\/L). A CK cutoff of 485\u2009U\/L had 95.24% sensitivity and 96.61% specificity with a negative predicative value of &amp;gt;99%. An AST cutoff of 57\u2009U\/L had 94.44% sensitivity and 85.71% specificity with an estimated negative predicative value of 99%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High serum CK and AST activity can increase suspicion for neosporosis while awaiting serological tests for dogs with meningoencephalitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T05:06:49Z","timestamp":1638508009000},"page":"141-145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Comparison of serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase activity in dogs with Neospora meningoencephalitis and noninfectious meningoencephalitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1745-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethan S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, , Bristol,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Harcourt-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Langford Vets Small Animal Hospital Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, , Bristol,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.03.031","article-title":"Clinical findings and treatment of non-infectious meningoencephalomyelitis in dogs: a systematic review of 457 published cases from 1962 to 2008","volume":"184","author":"Granger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.05.002","article-title":"Pathological and immunological features of canine necrotising meningoencephalitis and granulomatous meningoencephalitis","volume":"213","author":"Uchida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.66.295","article-title":"Prevalence of autoantibody in cerebrospinal fluids from dogs with various CNS diseases","volume":"66","author":"Matsuki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.3.89","article-title":"Improved survival time in dogs with suspected GME treated with ciclosporin","volume":"164","author":"Pakozdy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0299.x","article-title":"Comparison of two regimens for the treatment of meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101431","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis of unknown origin: investigation of prognostic factors and outcome using a standard treatment protocol","volume":"172","author":"Lowrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.4","article-title":"Efficacy of glucocorticoid monotherapy for treatment of canine meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown etiology: a prospective study in 16 dogs","volume":"1","author":"Mercier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1892\/0891-6640(2006)20[410:DONCTI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Detection of Neospora caninum tachyzoites in canine cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"20","author":"Gaitero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.08.001","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis and other intestinal coccidial infections in cats and dogs","volume":"39","author":"Dubey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12937","article-title":"Serological prevalence of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in dogs diagnosed with suspected meningoencephalitis in the UK","volume":"60","author":"Coelho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.2307\/3280042","article-title":"Experimental infection of bovines with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"63","author":"Costa","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0012","first-page":"424","article-title":"BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical Pathology","author":"Murphy","year":"2005","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.139.18.439","article-title":"Clinical aspects of 27 cases of neosporosis in dogs","volume":"139","author":"Barber","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00044-8","article-title":"Recent advances in neospora and neosporosis","volume":"84","author":"Dubey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12160","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in four dogs with central nervous system neosporosis","volume":"55","author":"Parzefall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2003.64.1507","article-title":"Use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and neosporosis in the central nervous system of cats and dogs","volume":"64","author":"Schatzberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700607","article-title":"Use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction to rapidly differentiate Neospora caninum from Toxoplasma gondii in an adult dog with necrotizing myocarditis and myocardial infarct","volume":"17","author":"Meseck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.04.007","article-title":"Detection of Neospora caninum in dog organs using real time PCR systems","volume":"155","author":"Ghalmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839386","article-title":"Creatine kinase in the dog: a review","volume":"17","author":"Aktas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0020","first-page":"31","article-title":"Canine muscle disorders","volume":"12","author":"Scott-Moncrieff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880100513","article-title":"Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy determined by sensitive enzyme immunoassay methods","volume":"10","author":"Mokuno","year":"1987","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2010.179","article-title":"Biochemical markers of muscular damage","volume":"48","author":"Brancaccio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-31-2-174","article-title":"Canine neosporosis: a case report and literature review","volume":"31","author":"Ruehlmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.7.637","article-title":"Effect of exercise on serum markers of muscle inflammation in Spanish Greyhounds","volume":"76","author":"Lucas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1159\/000115112","article-title":"Creatine kinase in serum after grand mal seizures","volume":"18","author":"Gl\u00f6tzner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"2026020303503350800_jvim16334-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.035","article-title":"Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis","volume":"140","author":"Dubey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16334","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16334","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/1\/141\/66666080\/jvim16334.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/1\/141\/66666080\/jvim16334.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:50:45Z","timestamp":1770108645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/36\/1\/141\/8449047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16334","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-22","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}