{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:05:16Z","timestamp":1770152716694,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1435,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Esophageal varices (EV) are abnormally dilated veins in the esophagus caused by alterations of blood flow or pressure. Esophageal variceal hemorrhage is a major complication of hepatic disease in humans, but a lack of information exists regarding associated adverse events in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the clinical manifestations and associated etiologies and outcomes of dogs with EV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five client-owned dogs with EV diagnosed via computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, or fluoroscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series. Cases were identified by review of the hospital imaging records database between 2010 and 2020. Signalment, clinical signs, and outcomes were documented. When present, additional collateral vasculature was also recorded. Cases were subcategorized into suspected etiology based upon the anatomic location or absence of an attributable underlying disease process, as well as the direction of blood flow.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-four of 25 cases were identified via CT, with a prevalence of 0.012% (24\/1950 total studies). Presenting clinical signs were nonspecific, and more likely because of the underlying cause as opposed to complications secondary to EV themselves. Etiologic anatomic locations were similar in occurrence between the abdomen (N\u00a0=\u00a014) and thorax (N\u00a0=\u00a011). All cases with an abdominal etiologic location had presumed or confirmed portal hypertension and 9\/11 cases with a thoracic etiologic location had pulmonary, caval, or systemic hypertension. No cases died or were euthanized as a direct result of EV or associated hemorrhage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Esophageal varices are rarely reported in dogs and commonly identified concurrently with portal, pulmonary, and caval hypertension. Hemorrhage is not a common clinical manifestation of EV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T04:17:41Z","timestamp":1641788261000},"page":"493-499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Esophageal varices in dogs: A retrospective case series"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8645-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanner S.","family":"Slead","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Gremillion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eli B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-9530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Katherine","family":"Tolbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303525239700_jvim16355-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01616.x","article-title":"Acquired portal collateral circulation in the dog and cat","volume":"51","author":"Bertolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303525239700_jvim16355-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12247","article-title":"Multidetector-row computed tomography patterns of bronchoesophageal artery hypertrophy and systemic-to-pulmonary fistula in dogs","volume":"56","author":"Ledda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303525239700_jvim16355-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb01963.x","article-title":"Esophageal varices due to a probable arteriovenous communication in a dog","volume":"21","author":"Bertolini","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303525239700_jvim16355-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2015.1021905","article-title":"Presentation and complications associated with cirrhosis of the liver","volume":"31","author":"Poordad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303525239700_jvim16355-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.6.9609169","article-title":"Preaortic esophageal veins: CT appearance","volume":"170","author":"Ibukuro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303525239700_jvim16355-bib-0006","first-page":"359","article-title":"Downhill\u201d varices. 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