{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:11:04Z","timestamp":1781932264467,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1435,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate diagnosis is imperative in dogs with clinical signs of parvovirus infection (CPV-2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for the diagnosis of CPV-2 infection, and determine the optimal sampling site. Secondarily, to compare qRT-PCR with a point-of-care PCR kit (PCRun), and to assess sensitivity of serology for CPV diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty dogs with naturally acquired parvovirus infection, 44 unvaccinated puppies, of which 16 were followed after first and second vaccination, 15 adult dogs, of which 10 were followed also after a booster vaccine, and 9 dogs with distemper virus infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Samples from the rectum, blood, and pharynx were obtained for PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All dogs with a clinical diagnosis of parvovirus infection were positive by qRT-PCR in at least 1 sampling site (ie, rectum, blood, pharynx), and 50 (83%) of 60 were positive in all sites. qRT-PCR was negative in 67 (99%) of 68 healthy puppies (before-vaccination), puppies with distemper, and healthy adult dogs. Ten days after initial vaccination of puppies, 62% (fecal), 31% (blood), and 12% (pharyngeal) of samples were positive for CPV-2 on qRT-PCR. The proportion of positive pharyngeal samples decreased 20\u2009days after vaccination and all sites were negative 12-28\u2009days after second vaccination. Vaccinated adults were negative before and after booster vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Molecular detection of CPV is sensitive, but specificity is hampered temporarily during the vaccination period. Blood, feces, and pharynx are suitable sampling sites. Fecal samples had the lowest sensitivity in sick dogs and highest positivity in puppies after vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T13:12:57Z","timestamp":1643375577000},"page":"591-598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effect of sampling site on the diagnosis of canine parvovirus infection in dogs using polymerase chain reaction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilad","family":"Segev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine , Department of Research and Development, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tal","family":"Yaaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogal Galed Labs Department of Research and Development, , Kibbutz Galed,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Maurice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogal Galed Labs Department of Research and Development, , Kibbutz Galed,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gad","family":"Baneth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine , Department of Research and Development, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0001","first-page":"123","article-title":"Canine viral enteritis. I. Status report on corona- and parvo-like viral enteritides","volume":"69","author":"Appel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"New enteric viruses in the dog","volume":"25","author":"Carmichael","year":"1981","journal-title":"Adv Vet Sci Comp Med"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.9.201","article-title":"Canine parvovirus enteritis 1: clinical, haematological and pathological features of experimental infection","volume":"115","author":"Macartney","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0004","first-page":"31","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of canine parvovirus","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Aust Vet Pract"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.04.542","article-title":"Risk factors associated with parvovirus enteritis in dogs: 283 cases (1982-1991)","volume":"208","author":"Houston","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100306","article-title":"Comparison of three rapid commercial canine parvovirus antigen detection tests with electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction","volume":"21","author":"Schmitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.9.201","article-title":"Canine parvovirus enteritis 1: clinical hematological and pathological features of experimental-infection","volume":"115","author":"Macartney","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-010-0007-y","article-title":"Canine parvovirus: current perspective","volume":"21","author":"Nandi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Virol"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.09.018","article-title":"A real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and quantitation of canine parvovirus type 2 in the feces of dogs","volume":"105","author":"Decaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.04.007","article-title":"An insulated isothermal PCR method on a field-deployable device for rapid and sensitive detection of canine parvovirus type 2 at points of need","volume":"220","author":"Wilkes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.1.266-276.1988","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of canine parvovirus","volume":"62","author":"Reed","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.9.2101-2105.1996","article-title":"Isolation of canine parvovirus from a cat manifesting clinical signs of feline panleukopenia","volume":"34","author":"Mochizuki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-008-0314-1","article-title":"Molecular characterization of canine parvovirus-2 variants circulating in Tunisia","volume":"38","author":"Touihri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2005.10.026","article-title":"Characterisation of the canine parvovirus type 2 variants using minor groove binder probe technology","volume":"133","author":"Decaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.03.030","article-title":"A minor groove binder probe real-time PCR assay for discrimination between type 2-based vaccines and field strains of canine parvovirus","volume":"136","author":"Decaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.19.588","article-title":"Evaluation of a dot ELISA kit for measuring immunoglobulin M antibodies to canine parvovirus and distemper virus","volume":"152","author":"Waner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700206","article-title":"Clinical and virological findings in pups naturally infected by canine parvovirus type 2 Glu-426 mutant","volume":"17","author":"Decaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111779","article-title":"Phylogenetic and genome-wide deep-sequencing analyses of canine parvovirus reveal co-infection with field variants and emergence of a recent recombinant strain","volume":"9","author":"Perez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-0007-6","article-title":"Co-infection with multiple variants of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)","volume":"31","author":"Battilani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1404.071461","article-title":"Natural coinfection with 2 parvovirus variants in dog","volume":"14","author":"Vieira","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.050","article-title":"Long-term viremia and fecal shedding in pups after modified-live canine parvovirus vaccination","volume":"32","author":"Decaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.016","article-title":"Risk factors of weaning diarrhea in puppies housed in breeding kennels","volume":"117","author":"Grellet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-0934(95)00069-3","article-title":"A simple touch-down polymerase chain reaction for the detection of canine parvovirus and feline panleukopenia virus in feces","volume":"55","author":"Schunck","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Virolo Methods"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.11.011","article-title":"Faecal shedding of canine parvovirus after modified-live vaccination in healthy adult dogs","volume":"219","author":"Freisl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303532071600_jvim16373-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638717729187","article-title":"Amplification of mycoplasma haemofelis DNA by a PCR for point-of-care use","volume":"30","author":"Hawley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16373","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16373","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/591\/66666563\/jvim16373.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/591\/66666563\/jvim16373.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:53:30Z","timestamp":1770108810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/36\/2\/591\/8449105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16373","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}