{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1783488952736,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1435,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006471","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eiken Chemical Co"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006471","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prolonged antimicrobial drug (AMD) treatment is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Biomarker measurement may aid treatment decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigate temporal changes in blood biomarker concentrations in dogs undergoing treatment for pulmonary and intra-abdominal infections; compare time to biomarker concentration normalization with duration of clinician-directed AMD treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-two client-owned dogs with pneumonia (n\u00a0=\u00a022), septic peritonitis (n\u00a0=\u00a010), or pyometra (n\u00a0=\u00a010).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, procalcitonin, nucleosomes, cell-free DNA (cfDNA), high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), CC-motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2), CXC-motif chemokine ligand-8 (CXCL8), and keratinocyte chemoattractant-like (KC-Like) were quantitated in samples collected on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60. Treatment was directed by clinicians blinded to biomarker concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concentrations of CCL2, CRP, and KC-Like were maximal on D1, concentrations of SAA, cfDNA, HMGB1, and nucleosomes were maximal on D3 and haptoglobin concentrations were maximal on D7. These maximal concentrations were significantly different from those on D60. Concentrations of CRP and SAA decreased by 80% from peak and into respective reference intervals before AMDs were discontinued. For CRP, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) times to 20% peak and normal were 7 (6-9) and 7 (6-12) days, respectively, and for SAA they were 4 (4, 5) and 6 (5-8) days, respectively, compared to a median (IQR) duration of AMD prescribing of 16 (12-23) days (all P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biomarker concentrations normalized within 7 to 14\u2009days. Serial measurements of CRP and SAA might aid identification of disease resolution and could help guide AMD prescription decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T06:00:41Z","timestamp":1643695241000},"page":"549-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Serial analysis of blood biomarker concentrations in dogs with pneumonia, septic peritonitis, and pyometra"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Goggs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise M.","family":"LaLonde-Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2700-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie M.","family":"Menard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, , Calgary, Alberta,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2007.00251.x","article-title":"Comparison of dogs with septic peritonitis: 1988-1993 versus 1999-2003","volume":"17","author":"Bentley","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12151","article-title":"Septic peritonitis from pyloric and non-pyloric gastrointestinal perforation: prognostic factors in 44 dogs and 11 cats","volume":"54","author":"Dayer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12092","article-title":"Positive impact of an emergency department protocol on time to antimicrobial administration in dogs with septic peritonitis","volume":"23","author":"Abelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-007-0934-2","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008","volume":"34","author":"Dellinger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13908","article-title":"Prognostic and diagnostic value of eosinopenia, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and circulating cell-free DNA in critically ill patients admitted with suspicion of sepsis","volume":"18","author":"Garnacho-Montero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.03.034","article-title":"Benefit of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment: thirty-day mortality and duration of hospital stay","volume":"119","author":"Fraser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05473-0","article-title":"Canine model for investigating the impact of oral enrofloxacin on commensal coliforms and colonization with multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"53","author":"Trott","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00808.x","article-title":"Changes in fecal microbiota of healthy dogs administered amoxicillin","volume":"71","author":"Gr\u00f8nvold","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.04.010","article-title":"Effect of cefovecin on the fecal flora of healthy dogs","volume":"198","author":"Lawrence","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12128","article-title":"In vitro bacterial isolate susceptibility to empirically selected antimicrobials in 111 dogs with bacterial pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Proulx","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12273","article-title":"Impact of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy on outcome of dogs with septic peritonitis","volume":"25","author":"Dickinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.19.2588","article-title":"Comparison of 8 vs 15\u2009days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial","volume":"290","author":"Chastre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7328.28","article-title":"Effect of beta lactam antibiotic use in children on pneumococcal resistance to penicillin: prospective cohort study","volume":"324","author":"Nasrin","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1086\/432721","article-title":"Reduction of antibiotic use in the community reduces the rate of colonization with penicillin g-nonsusceptible streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"41","author":"Guillemot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00110","article-title":"Antimicrobial prescribing practices in small animal emergency and critical care","volume":"7","author":"Robbins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2013.09.003","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats","volume":"44","author":"Dear","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411162","article-title":"Trial of short-course antimicrobial therapy for intraabdominal infection","volume":"372","author":"Sawyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-8-3","article-title":"2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections","volume":"8","author":"Sartelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00914.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of high dose short duration enrofloxacin treatment regimen for uncomplicated urinary tract infections in dogs","volume":"26","author":"Westropp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14631","article-title":"The utility of acute-phase proteins in the assessment of treatment response in dogs with bacterial pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Viitanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-21","article-title":"Role of biomarkers in the management of antibiotic therapy: an expert panel review ii: clinical use of biomarkers for initiation or discontinuation of antibiotic therapy","volume":"3","author":"Quenot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61879-1","article-title":"Use of procalcitonin to reduce patients' exposure to antibiotics in intensive care units (PRORATA trial): a multicentre randomised controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"Bouadma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.770","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic therapy in lower respiratory tract infections in \u201creal life\u201d: an international, multicenter poststudy survey (proreal)","volume":"172","author":"Albrich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.12.014","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided therapy may reduce length of antibiotic treatment in intensive care unit patients with secondary peritonitis: a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Maseda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7903","article-title":"Procalcitonin to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in intensive care patients: a randomized prospective controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181f17bf9","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided algorithms of antibiotic therapy in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Kopterides","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6494","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00958-15","article-title":"Use of a combination biomarker algorithm to identify medical intensive care unit patients with suspected sepsis at very low likelihood of bacterial infection","volume":"59","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2336","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31828e969f","article-title":"Procalcitonin versus C-reactive protein for guiding antibiotic therapy in sepsis: a randomized trial","volume":"41","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.03.017","article-title":"Usefulness of C-reactive protein, serum amyloid a component, and haptoglobin determinations in bitches with pyometra for monitoring early post-ovariohysterectomy complications","volume":"72","author":"Dabrowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/vetreco-2017-000255","article-title":"Plasma procalcitonin concentrations are increased in dogs with sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Goggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Rec Open"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00208","article-title":"Biomarker guided diagnosis of septic peritonitis in dogs","volume":"6","author":"Martiny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1427-y","article-title":"Plasma procalcitonin concentrations predict organ dysfunction and outcome in dogs with sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Troia","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12773","article-title":"Determining prognosis in canine sepsis by bedside measurement of cell-free DNA and nucleosomes","volume":"28","author":"Letendre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12592","article-title":"Measurement of plasma cell-free DNA concentrations in dogs with sepsis, trauma, and neoplasia","volume":"27","author":"Letendre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1523-z","article-title":"A novel approach to identifying and quantifying neutrophil extracellular trap formation in septic dogs using immunofluorescence microscopy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12903","article-title":"Evaluation of the host cytokine response in dogs with sepsis and noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Goggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00539.x","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 as a surrogate prognostic marker in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14857","article-title":"Immune function in critically ill dogs","volume":"32","author":"Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.08.010","article-title":"Comparison of cytokine responses between dogs with sepsis and dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia","volume":"180","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.01.005","article-title":"Multiplex cytokine analyses in dogs with pyometra suggest involvement of kc-like chemokine in canine bacterial sepsis","volume":"170","author":"Karlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.10.1493","article-title":"Community-acquired infectious pneumonia in puppies: 65 cases (1993-2002)","volume":"230","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.223.462","article-title":"Pneumoperitoneum in dogs and cats: 39 cases (1983-2002)","volume":"223","author":"Saunders","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.225.251","article-title":"Outcome of and prognostic indicators for dogs and cats with pneumoperitoneum and no history of penetrating trauma: 54 cases (1988-2002)","volume":"225","author":"Smelstoys","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2008.00087.x","article-title":"Serum acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism with and without concurrent inflammatory conditions","volume":"38","author":"Caldin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2006.00203.x","article-title":"C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, and interleukin-6 in dogs with pyometra and sirs","volume":"17","author":"Fransson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00462.x","article-title":"Use of C-reactive protein to predict outcome in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis","volume":"19","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00053209","article-title":"Procalcitonin for reduced antibiotic exposure in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomised study","volume":"34","author":"Stolz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0552.x","article-title":"The acute patient physiologic and laboratory evaluation (APPLE) score: a severity of illness stratification system for hospitalized dogs","volume":"24","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12172","article-title":"Evaluation of serum thyroid hormones in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Pashmakova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2003.tb00319.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a commercially available human C-reactive protein (crp) turbidometric immunoassay for determination of canine serum crp concentration","volume":"32","author":"Kjelgaard-Hansen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.05.007","article-title":"Evaluation of an automated assay based on monoclonal anti-human serum amyloid a (saa) antibodies for measurement of canine, feline, and equine saa","volume":"194","author":"Christensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0385-5","article-title":"Usefulness of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a in early detection of postoperative infectious complications to tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs","volume":"60","author":"L\u00f6fqvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.10.024","article-title":"Changes in serum proteins in dogs with ehrlichia canis infection","volume":"113","author":"Escribano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1383-6","article-title":"Effects of subclinical inflammation on C-reactive protein and haptoglobin levels as well as specific humoral immunity in dogs vaccinated against canine distemper and parvovirus","volume":"14","author":"Romiszewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2010.00216.x","article-title":"High-mobility group b1 proteins in canine lymphoma: prognostic value of initial and sequential serum levels in treatment outcome following combination chemotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Meyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.10-0540","article-title":"Plasma high-mobility group box 1 (hmgb1) in dogs with various diseases: comparison with C-reactive protein","volume":"73","author":"Ishida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.09.011","article-title":"Increased concentrations of C-reactive protein but not high-mobility group box 1 in dogs with naturally occurring sepsis","volume":"156","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12478","article-title":"Evaluation of assays for quantification of DNA in canine plasma as an indirect marker of netosis","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13811","article-title":"Plasma hmgb-1 and nucleosome concentrations in horses with colic and healthy horses","volume":"30","author":"Bauquier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0642.x","article-title":"Use of serum concentrations of interleukin-18 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as prognostic indicators in primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs","volume":"25","author":"Kjelgaard-Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Statist Soc B"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2011.00689.x","article-title":"Characterization of acute kidney injury in hospitalized dogs and evaluation of a veterinary acute kidney injury staging system","volume":"21","author":"Thoen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400607","article-title":"Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation","volume":"340","author":"Gabay","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2010.10.002","article-title":"Assay validation and diagnostic applications of major acute-phase protein testing in companion animals","volume":"31","author":"Kjelgaard-Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394596-9.00005-6","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in animals","volume":"105","author":"Cray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12409","article-title":"N-terminal pro-c-natriuretic peptide and cytokine kinetics in dogs with endotoxemia","volume":"28","author":"Floras","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15711","article-title":"Serum procalcitonin concentrations in dogs with induced endotoxemia","volume":"34","author":"Easley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00019.x","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Ceron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909095","article-title":"Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription","volume":"162","author":"Singh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2008.06.008","article-title":"The effect of limiting antimicrobial therapy duration on antimicrobial resistance in the critical care setting","volume":"37","author":"Marra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix569","article-title":"Novel method suggests global superiority of short-duration antibiotics for intra-abdominal infections","volume":"65","author":"Celestin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00053-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of procalcitonin guidance in reducing the duration of antibiotic treatment in critically ill patients: a randomised, controlled, open-label trial","volume":"16","author":"de Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02367-7","article-title":"Extremely high canine C-reactive protein concentrations\u2009&gt;100\u2009mg\/l\u2014prevalence, etiology and prognostic significance","volume":"16","author":"Hindenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12674","article-title":"Serum alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Heilmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15369","article-title":"Evaluation of plasma angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy dogs and dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis","volume":"33","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00263","article-title":"Evaluation of serum apolipoprotein a1 in canine sepsis","volume":"7","author":"Giunti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0078","first-page":"161","article-title":"Comparison of serum amyloid a and C-reactive protein as diagnostic markers of systemic inflammation in dogs","volume":"55","author":"Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00575.x","article-title":"Evaluation of CALC-I gene (CALCA) expression in tissues of dogs with signs of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Giunti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000516","article-title":"Canine procalcitonin messenger rna expression","volume":"20","author":"Kuzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0081","article-title":"Statpearls","author":"Gulhar","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2019.08.003","article-title":"Procalcitonin: where are we now?","volume":"36","author":"Hamade","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202004-1201OC","article-title":"Procalcitonin to reduce long-term infection-associated adverse events in sepsis. A randomized trial","volume":"203","author":"Kyriazopoulou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0084","article-title":"Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections","volume":"10","author":"Schuetz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2010.00228.x","article-title":"Serum concentrations of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in healthy and critically ill dogs","volume":"39","author":"Duffy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00179","article-title":"High mobility group box-1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines are increased in dogs after trauma but do not predict survival","volume":"5","author":"Goggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0087","first-page":"51","article-title":"Serum concentration of inflammatory cytokines in dogs with suspected acute pancreatitis","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12272","article-title":"Role of monocyte recruitment in hemangiosarcoma metastasis in dogs","volume":"15","author":"Regan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.030","article-title":"Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and other inflammatory parameters in bernese mountain dogs with disseminated histiocytic sarcoma","volume":"198","author":"Nikolic Nielsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5829.2010.00235.x","article-title":"Increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 concentration and monocyte count independently associate with a poor prognosis in dogs with lymphoma","volume":"9","author":"Perry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Comp Oncol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12630","article-title":"Disease severity and blood cytokine concentrations in dogs with natural babesia rossi infection","volume":"41","author":"Leisewitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190474","article-title":"MCP-1, KC-like and IL-8 as critical mediators of pathogenesis caused by Babesia canis","volume":"13","author":"Galan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150113","article-title":"Excessive pro-inflammatory serum cytokine concentrations in virulent canine babesiosis","volume":"11","author":"Goddard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819861721","article-title":"Neutrophil-extracellular traps, cell-free DNA, and immunothrombosis in companion animals: a review","volume":"57","author":"Goggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2015.10.014","article-title":"Dogs cast nets too: canine neutrophil extracellular traps in health and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia","volume":"168","author":"Jeffery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12324","article-title":"C-reactive protein and high mobility group box 1 in dogs with gastric dilatation and volvulus","volume":"25","author":"Uhrikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02991-x","article-title":"Characterizing circulating nucleosomes in the plasma of dogs with lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Dolan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02934-6","article-title":"Characterizing circulating nucleosomes in the plasma of dogs with hemangiosarcoma","volume":"17","author":"Wilson-Robles","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00180","article-title":"Concentrations of plasma nucleosomes but not cell-free DNA are prognostic in dogs following trauma","volume":"5","author":"Letendre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2019.1655178","article-title":"Evaluation of serum C-reactive protein and high mobility group box 1 concentrations in 22 dogs with acute pancreatitis: a pilot study","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13409","article-title":"Successful management of aspiration pneumopathy without antimicrobial agents: 14 dogs (2014-2021)","volume":"62","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16310","article-title":"Bacterial infection in dogs with aspiration pneumonia at 2 tertiary referral practices","volume":"35","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.02.005","article-title":"Aetiology of canine infectious respiratory disease complex and prevalence of its pathogens in Europe","volume":"176","author":"Day","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12047","article-title":"Candida peritonitis in dogs: report of 5 cases","volume":"42","author":"Bradford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12893","article-title":"Effect of peritoneal lavage on bacterial isolates in 40 dogs with confirmed septic peritonitis","volume":"29","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020303532175400_jvim16374-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2019.0569","article-title":"Association of duration and type of surgical prophylaxis with antimicrobial-associated adverse events","volume":"154","author":"Branch-Elliman","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16374","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16374","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/549\/66665630\/jvim16374.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/2\/549\/66665630\/jvim16374.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:53:45Z","timestamp":1770108825000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/36\/2\/549\/8448981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16374","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}