{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:16:07Z","timestamp":1787015767464,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1374,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urethral obstruction secondary to artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) implantation is a recognized complication in dogs. However, urethral obstruction secondary to AUS-associated capsule formation has been described rarely.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe clinical and diagnostic findings, management, and outcome in 6 dogs with urethral obstruction secondary to AUS-associated capsule formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Medical records between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2021, were reviewed to identify dogs with urethral obstruction associated with the AUS device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The AUS device was implanted a median of 884\u2009days (range, 20-2457\u2009days) before presentation for urethral obstruction. Median age at time of urethral obstruction was 4.7\u2009years (range, 3.1-8.7\u2009years). Clinical signs at the time of urethral obstruction were stranguria (n\u00a0=\u00a04), pollakiuria (3), weak urine stream (2), and worsened urinary incontinence (1). In all dogs, the urethra was noted to be stenotic during urethroscopy and positive contrast cystourethrography. All dogs underwent surgery, and a fibrous capsule associated with the AUS was found to be causing urethral stenosis. Resolution of urethral obstruction occurred in all dogs after transection or removal of the capsule. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained from the capsule, AUS, or both in all dogs. Recurrence of urethral obstruction had not occurred in any dog at the time of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urethral obstruction secondary to capsule formation is an uncommon but clinically important complication associated with use of the AUS. Continued investigation is needed to evaluate this complication more thoroughly, and its possible association with infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T05:27:25Z","timestamp":1649395645000},"page":"1016-1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnosis, management, and outcome of urethral obstruction secondary to the capsule associated with the artificial urethral sphincter device"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6935-9463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Kopecny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1445-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie A.","family":"Palm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Animal Specialist Hospital , Sydney, New South Wales,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6132-156X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T. N.","family":"Culp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California\u2014Davis Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01040.x","article-title":"Use of a percutaneously controlled urethral hydraulic occluder for treatment of refractory urinary incontinence in 18 female dogs","volume":"42","author":"Currao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6709","article-title":"Long-term outcome of female dogs treated with static hydraulic urethral sphincter for urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"54","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2012.01043.x","article-title":"Outcome after placement of an artificial urethral sphincter in 27 dogs","volume":"42","author":"Reeves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01228.x","article-title":"Static hydraulic urethral sphincter for treatment of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in 11 dogs","volume":"53","author":"Delisser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00560.x","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of a percutaneously adjustable hydraulic urethral sphincter for treatment of urinary incontinence in four dogs","volume":"38","author":"Rose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2018.1464975","article-title":"Long term use of hydraulic artificial urethral sphincters in nine dogs from New Zealand with urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence","volume":"66","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Zeal Vet J"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0007","article-title":"IRIS Staging of CKD (Modified 2019)","author":"International Renal Interest Society"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1990.tb00764.x","article-title":"Ultrasonographic measurement of normal renal parameters","volume":"31","author":"Barr","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001193","article-title":"The foreign body response: at the interface of surgery and bioengineering","volume":"135","author":"Major","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.13324","article-title":"Urethral atrophy after implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter: fact or fiction?","volume":"117","author":"Bugeja","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.2018.59.4.275","article-title":"Proof of concept: exposing the myth of urethral atrophy after artificial urinary sphincter via assessment of circumferential recovery after capsulotomy and intraoperative pressure profiling of the pressure regulating balloon","volume":"59","author":"Pearlman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Clin Urol"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000054768.14922.44","article-title":"Detection of subclinical infection in significant breast implant capsules","volume":"111","author":"Pajkos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000252714.72161.4a","article-title":"Bacterial colonization is of major relevance for high-grade capsular contracture after augmentation mammaplasty","volume":"59","author":"Schreml","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"2026020303582168200_jvim16399-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2018.05.022","article-title":"Risk factors for developing capsular contracture in women after breast implant surgery: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"71","author":"Bachour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16399","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16399","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/1016\/66666283\/jvim16399.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/1016\/66666283\/jvim16399.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:58:29Z","timestamp":1770109109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/36\/3\/1016\/8449079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-18","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}