{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T23:44:27Z","timestamp":1770421467379,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1251,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite its importance, there is no agreed definition of recovery of ambulation in dogs with spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To validate a new walking test in dogs recovering from thoracolumbar spinal cord injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred twenty-four dogs weighing &amp;lt;20\u2009kg: 120 normally ambulatory dogs, plus 104 dogs undergoing decompressive surgery for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort studies. The distance each freely-ambulatory dog walked during 50 step cycles was regressed on ulna length. For each postsurgical dog, we recorded when the calculated 50-step distance was completed without falling, or their inability to complete this distance by 4\u00a0months or more after surgery. Bayesian analysis compared outcomes for presurgical neurologic categories; association of recovery with several preoperative variables was explored using logistic and time-to-event regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For control dogs, 50-step distance (m)\u00a0=\u00a01.384 \u00d7 ulnar length (cm)\u2009+\u20092.773. In postsurgical dogs, the 50-step test provided decisive evidence that deep pain-negative dogs were less likely to recover ambulation than dogs with intact pain perception (12\/29 recovered vs 71\/75; Bayes factor [BF]\u00a0=\u00a05.9 \u00d7\u2009106) and, if they did recover, it took much longer (median 91\u2009days vs median 14\u2009days; BF\u00a0=\u00a01.5 \u00d7\u2009103). Exploratory analysis suggested that presurgical neurologic status (subhazard ratio [SHR]\u00a0=\u00a00.022; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and duration of presurgical anesthesia (SHR\u00a0=\u00a00.740; P\u00a0=\u00a0.04) were associated with rapidity of recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This straightforward 50-step walking test provides robust data on ambulatory recovery well-suited to large scale pragmatic trials on treatment of thoracolumbar spinal cord injury in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T05:59:24Z","timestamp":1660802364000},"page":"1733-1741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A 50-step walking test for analysis of recovery after decompressive surgery for thoracolumbar disc herniation in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Rosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica Lynn","family":"Grzegorzewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Heath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Schocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9812-1788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(76)90021-2","article-title":"Canine intervertebral disc disease\u2014occurrence by age, breed, and sex among 8,117 cases","volume":"6","author":"Priester","year":"1976","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-34-2-135","article-title":"The canine intervertebral disk\u2014part two: degenerative changes\u2014nonchondrodystrophoid versus chondrodystrophoid disks","volume":"34","author":"Bray","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-016-0039-8","article-title":"DachsLife 2015: an investigation of lifestyle associations with the risk of intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds","volume":"3","author":"Packer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canine Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12653","article-title":"Re-opening the window on fenestration as a treatment for acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation in dogs","volume":"58","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.12.008","article-title":"Proportion recovery and times to ambulation for non-ambulatory dogs with thoracolumbar disc extrusions treated with hemilaminectomy or conservative treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-series studies","volume":"220","author":"Langerhuus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-021-00596-w","article-title":"Investigation of timing of surgery and other factors possibly influencing outcome in dogs with acute thoracolumbar disc extrusion: a retrospective study of 1501 cases","volume":"63","author":"Immekeppel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03114.x","article-title":"Laminectomy for 34 dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease and loss of deep pain perception","volume":"40","author":"Scott","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.4.386","article-title":"Factors associated with recovery from paraplegia in dogs with loss of pain perception in the pelvic limbs following intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"248","author":"Jeffery","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0009","first-page":"179","article-title":"The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia","volume":"7","author":"Frankel","year":"1969","journal-title":"Paraplegia"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-13-06-0076","article-title":"Severity of spinal cord dysfunction and pain associated with hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion in dogs","volume":"27","author":"Hamilton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2009.02.016","article-title":"Description and repeatability of a newly developed spinal cord injury scale for dogs","volume":"89","author":"Levine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-8-77","article-title":"Development of a universal measure of quadrupedal forelimb-hindlimb coordination using digital motion capture and computerised analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hamilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-58","article-title":"Gait scoring in dogs with thoracolumbar spinal cord injuries when walking on a treadmill","volume":"10","author":"Olby","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.04.002","article-title":"Recovery of stepping and coordination in dogs following acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniations","volume":"213","author":"Rousse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.04.023","article-title":"Adaptation of the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotor rating scale for use in a clinical model of spinal cord injury in dogs","volume":"268","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6804","article-title":"Comparison of gait assessment scales in dogs with spinal cord injury from intervertebral disc herniation","volume":"37","author":"Olby","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2002.36015","article-title":"Prognostic indicators for time to ambulation after surgical decompression in nonambulatory dogs with acute thoracolumbar disk extrusions: 112 cases","volume":"31","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632970","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic factors in nonambulatory Hansen type I intervertebral disc extrusions: 308 cases","volume":"19","author":"Ruddle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13147","article-title":"Same-day surgery may reduce the risk of losing pain perception in dogs with thoracolumbar disc extrusion","volume":"61","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-018-2886-y","article-title":"A study of target effect sizes in randomised controlled trials published in the Health Technology Assessment journal","volume":"19","author":"Rothwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/npatsopoulos","article-title":"A pragmatic view on pragmatic trials","volume":"13","author":"Patsopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E47","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090523","article-title":"A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers","volume":"180","author":"Thorpe","year":"2009","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2011.13.2\/gtosh","article-title":"Pragmatic vs explanatory trials: the pragmascope tool to help measure differences in protocols of mental health randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Tosh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.02.010","article-title":"Assessing walking ability in subjects with a spinal cord injury: validity and reliability of walking tests","volume":"86","author":"Van Hedel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3100993","article-title":"Walking index for spinal cord injury (WISCI): an international multicenter validity and reliability study","volume":"38","author":"Ditunno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968307301880","article-title":"Validity of the walking scale for spinal cord injury and other domains of function in a multicenter clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Ditunno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0027","first-page":"S93","article-title":"Reference intervals","volume":"29","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.596059","article-title":"Prognostic factors in canine acute intervertebral disc disease","volume":"7","author":"Olby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00921.x","article-title":"The cutaneous trunci muscle reflex: a predictor of recovery in dogs with acute thoracolumbar myelopathies caused by intervertebral disc extrusions","volume":"41","author":"Muguet-Chanoit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1272-1","article-title":"Bayesian data analysis for newcomers","volume":"25","author":"Kruschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-017-1343-3","article-title":"Bayesian inference for psychology. Part I: theoretical advantages and practical ramifications","volume":"25","author":"Wagenmakers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2019.60.50","article-title":"Bayes or not Bayes, is this the question?","volume":"60","author":"Hackenberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01798-5","article-title":"The JASP guidelines for conducting and reporting a Bayesian analysis","volume":"28","author":"van Doorn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14829","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of dogs with progressive myelomalacia following acute intervertebral disc extrusion","volume":"31","author":"Castel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14677","article-title":"Associations between anesthetic variables and functional outcome in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion undergoing decompressive hemilaminectomy","volume":"31","author":"Fenn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med."},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15796","article-title":"Association between anesthesia duration and outcome in dogs with surgically treated acute severe spinal cord injury caused by thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"34","author":"Fenn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0037","article-title":"Survival Analysis. Statistics for Biology and Health","author":"Kleinbaum","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy007","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of microtube-embedded chondroitinase ABC in a canine clinical model of spinal cord injury","volume":"141","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00560","article-title":"Ambulation in dogs with absent pain perception after acute thoracolumbar spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026020304020039800_jvim16516-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7188","article-title":"Relationship between machine-learning image classification of T2-weighted intramedullary hypointensity on 3 tesla magnetic resonance imaging and clinical outcome in dogs with severe spinal cord injury","volume":"38","author":"Boudreau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16516","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16516","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/5\/1733\/66665479\/jvim16516.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/5\/1733\/66665479\/jvim16516.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:02:19Z","timestamp":1770109339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/36\/5\/1733\/8448959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16516","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-28","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}