{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:12:00Z","timestamp":1784308320805,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1190,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryptococcal lateral flow antigen assays (CLFAs) have been assessed in comparison to the latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test but their clinical performance is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine clinical performance of IMMY CLFA (Immuno-Mycologics Inc, Oklahoma) using patients with and without cryptococcosis as the reference standard.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One-hundred ninety-seven serum samples from client-owned dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Review of medical records of a referral population of dogs and cats that had CLFA performed between 2012 and 2020. Animals were classified as cryptococcosis positive (Cr+) or negative (Cr\u2212) based on clinical information. Clinical diagnosis was used to calculate positive and negative percent agreement of the CLFA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve specimens (4 canine, 8 feline) were obtained from Cr+ animals and had positive CLFA results. One-hundred eighty-five specimens (139 canine, 46 feline) were collected from Cr\u2212 animals. Negative CLFA results were recorded in 129 canine and 44 feline Cr\u2212 samples. Positive CLFA results were noted for 10 canine and 2 feline Cr\u2212 samples. Positive percent agreement of CLFA was 100% (confidence interval [CI], 39.8%-100% dogs; 63.1%-100% cats). Negative percent agreements were 92.8% (CI, 87.2%-96.5%) for dogs and 95.7% (CI, 85.2%-99.5%) for cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A negative IMMY CLFA result enables reliable exclusion of cryptococcal infection in dogs and cats. By contrast, a positive result must be interpreted cautiously and further testing should be performed to verify a diagnosis of cryptococcosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T03:24:55Z","timestamp":1666063495000},"page":"1966-1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical performance of the IMMY cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5058-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrin F. A.","family":"Langner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty , Success, Western Australia,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa , Auckland,","place":["New Zealand"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1086\/313992","article-title":"Epidemiology and host-and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.123","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii infections: contemporary aspects of epidemiology, clinical manifestations and management of infection","volume":"8","author":"McMullan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780310001624547","article-title":"Retrospective study of feline and canine cryptococcosis in Australia from 1981 to 2001: 195 cases","volume":"42","author":"O'Brien","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1080\/02681219780000831","article-title":"Asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus neoformans in the nasal cavity of dogs and cats","volume":"35","author":"Malik","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Med Vet Mycol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2010.00281.x","article-title":"Cryptococcosis: update and emergence of Cryptococcus gattii","volume":"40","author":"Lester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2014.982509","article-title":"The cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay: a point-of-care diagnostic at an opportune time","volume":"42","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.7.1680-1684.1994","article-title":"Comparison of commercial kits for detection of cryptococcal antigen","volume":"32","author":"Tanner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1996.tb15445.x","article-title":"A latex cryptococcal antigen agglutination test for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy for cryptococcosis","volume":"74","author":"Malik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.3.357","article-title":"Clinical features and epidemiology of cryptococcosis in cats and dogs in California: 93 cases (1988-2010)","volume":"239","author":"Trivedi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.196.09.1470","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination test for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in cats","volume":"196","author":"Medleau","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780802607400","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercial latex agglutination kits and a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of cryptococcal antigen","volume":"47","author":"Babady","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049541","article-title":"Clinical utility of the cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in a diagnostic mycology laboratory","volume":"7","author":"McMullan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0013","article-title":"Evaluation of a new cryptococcal antigen lateral flow immunoassay in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0014","first-page":"16","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of a new cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay in serum and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"45","author":"Vijayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"MLO Med Lab Obs"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130906","article-title":"Multisite validation of cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay and quantification by laser thermal contrast","volume":"20","author":"Boulware","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00009","article-title":"Cryptococcal infection in a cohort of HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults","volume":"16","author":"French","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myz010","article-title":"Comparing immunochromatography with latex antigen agglutination testing for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis in cats, dogs and koalas","volume":"58","author":"Krockenberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15599","article-title":"Evaluation of the clinical performance of 2 point-of-care cryptococcal antigen tests in dogs and cats","volume":"33","author":"Reagan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/am.16.12.1907-1912.1968","article-title":"Value and interpretation of serological tests for the diagnosis of cryptococcosis","volume":"16","author":"Kaufman","year":"1968","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy144","article-title":"Prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia and nasal colonization in a free-ranging koala population","volume":"57","author":"Schmertmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-016-0065-9","article-title":"Equine pulmonary Cryptococcosis: a comparative literature review and evaluation of fluconazole monotherapy","volume":"182","author":"Secombe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00751-17","article-title":"Low Cryptococcus antigen titers as determined by lateral flow assay should be interpreted cautiously in patients without prior diagnosis of cryptococcal infection","volume":"55","author":"Dubbels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1576","article-title":"1713. Impact of false-positive low-titer cryptococcal antigen testing","volume":"6","author":"Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01648-19","article-title":"Clinical significance of low serum cryptococcal antigen titers by lateral flow assay in immunocompromised patients: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"58","author":"Dizon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.5.1851-1852.2006","article-title":"Emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in a novel environment provides clues to its incubation period","volume":"44","author":"MacDougall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060945","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii risk for tourists visiting Vancouver Island, Canada","volume":"13","author":"Lindberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8211-z","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent person 13 months after exposure","volume":"37","author":"Georgi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1906.130006","article-title":"Prolonged incubation period for Cryptococcus gattii infection in cat, Alaska, USA","volume":"19","author":"Castrodale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2010.08.011","article-title":"Comparisons of clinical features and mortality of cryptococcal meningitis between patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"44","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-57-2-184","article-title":"Corticosteroid secretion in the adrenal venous blood of the hypophysectomized dog as an assay for ACTH","volume":"57","author":"Nelson","year":"1955","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.10.006","article-title":"Cryptococcosis","volume":"30","author":"Maziarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500036019","article-title":"Sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis","volume":"43","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2026020304034671300_jvim16555-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500220076","article-title":"Follow-up study of dogs and cats with asymptomatic Cryptococcus gattii infection or nasal colonization","volume":"43","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sabouraudia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jvim.16555","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jvim.16555","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/6\/1966\/66666268\/jvim16555.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/36\/6\/1966\/66666268\/jvim16555.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1770109457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/36\/6\/1966\/8449078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16555","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-16","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}