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Nine Pomeranians with epilepsy and 8 control Pomeranians were used for ADAM23 risk haplotype analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case series study including both retrospectively and prospectively collected cases. The ADAM23 haplotype was determined by direct sequencing of PCR amplicons. Data were analyzed descriptively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Focal epileptic seizures (FS) were the predominant type of seizure in 22 of 28 dogs (78.6%). Among these, 12 of the IE dogs (80.0%) and 10 of the EUC dogs (76.9%) showed FS. Notably, 21 of 22 Pomeranians with FS (95.5%) showed limb contraction during ictal periods. Some dogs with FS also showed immobility, generalized tremors, difficulty walking or moving, autonomic signs, orofacial automatisms or some combination during ictal events. Ten dogs with FS and limb contraction had electroencephalography (EEG) performed, and interictal epileptiform discharges were identified in 9 dogs. The haplotype frequency of ADAM23 in cases was lower (27.8%) than that of the controls (56.3%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our study, FS was the predominant type of seizure in Pomeranians, and almost all cases with FS showed limb contraction, regardless of whether having IE or EUC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T05:41:22Z","timestamp":1667540482000},"page":"2113-2122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Clinical characterization of epileptic seizures in Pomeranians with idiopathic epilepsy or epilepsy of unknown cause"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-6525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiko","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-9108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"The Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4960-2390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinichi","family":"Kanazono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Veterinary Specialists & Emergency Center , Saitama,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6560-070X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miyoko","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Small Animal Surgery (Neurology), School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University , Kanagawa,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304041697300_jvim16578-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0461-2","article-title":"International 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