{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:56:53Z","timestamp":1792684613818,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1190,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Horses and other equids can be infected with several viruses of the family Flaviviridae, belonging to the genus Flavivirus and Hepacivirus. This consensus statement focuses on viruses with known occurrence in Europe, with the objective to summarize the current literature and formulate clinically relevant evidence-based recommendations regarding clinical disease, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The viruses circulating in Europe include West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Usutu virus, Louping ill virus and the equine hepacivirus. West Nile virus and Usutu virus are mosquito-borne, while tick-borne encephalitis virus and Louping ill virus are tick-borne. The natural route of transmission for equine hepacivirus remains speculative. West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus can induce encephalitis in infected horses. In the British Isle, rare equine cases of encephalitis associated with Louping ill virus are reported. In contrast, equine hepacivirus infections are associated with mild acute hepatitis and possibly chronic hepatitis. Diagnosis of flavivirus infections is made primarily by serology, although cross-reactivity occurs. Virus neutralization testing is considered the gold standard to differentiate between flavivirus infections in horses. Hepacivirus infection is detected by serum or liver RT-PCR. No direct antiviral treatment against flavi- or hepacivirus infections in horses is currently available and thus, treatment is supportive. Three vaccines against West Nile virus are licensed in the European Union. Geographic expansion of flaviviruses pathogenic for equids should always be considered a realistic threat, and it would be beneficial if their detection was included in surveillance programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T08:20:56Z","timestamp":1668154856000},"page":"1858-1871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["European College of Equine Internal Medicine consensus statement on equine flaviviridae infections in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8575-7402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessika-M V.","family":"Cavalleri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine , Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsolya","family":"Korbacska-Kutasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Unit of Equine Internal Medicine , Department for Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna,","place":["Austria"]},{"name":"Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Department for Animal Breeding, , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences\u2014Szent Istvan University (MTA-SZIE) Large Animal Clinical Research Group , \u00dcll\u0151, D\u00f3ra major,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Leblond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIA, UMR 0346, Epidemiologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, University of Lyon , Marcy l'Etoile,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Paillot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College , Chelmsford,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pusterla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eike","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, , Bochum,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7365-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy","family":"Tomlinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304042004400_jvim16581-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010023","article-title":"Viral equine encephalitis, a growing threat to the horse population in Europe?","author":"Lecollinet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026020304042004400_jvim16581-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0381-6","article-title":"Acute and chronic infections with nonprimate hepacivirus in young horses","volume":"47","author":"Gather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304042004400_jvim16581-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500265112","article-title":"Characterization of nonprimate hepacivirus and construction of a functional molecular clone","volume":"112","author":"Scheel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026020304042004400_jvim16581-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.181","article-title":"Chronic equine hepacivirus infection in an adult gelding with severe hepatopathy","volume":"5","author":"Tegtmeyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020304042004400_jvim16581-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7001a1","article-title":"Surveillance for West Nile virus disease\u2014United States, 2009-2018","volume":"70","author":"McDonald","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2026020304042004400_jvim16581-bib-0006","article-title":"West Nile virus in Central Europe\u2014Pandora's box is wide open! 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