{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T05:47:39Z","timestamp":1784008059509,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1129,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Translational RAAS Interest Group with support from Ceva Animal Health"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001458","name":"American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estrogen modulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in women, but sex differences have not been fully explored in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We hypothesized that the RAAS profile of intact female (IF) Doberman Pinschers (DP) would differ from spayed female (SF) and intact male (IM) DP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen healthy DP (6 IF, 6 SF, 6 IM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Absolute and indexed RAAS metabolites, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 activities, and genotypes (pyruvate kinase dehydrogenase 4, titin, and ACE variants) were compared among sex groups using Kruskal-Wallis or chi-square tests, and linear regression controlling for age. Data are expressed as median (minimum, maximum) and P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ACE activity was higher in IF DP (656\u2009pmol\/L; 436, 784) compared to SF DP (411\u2009pmol\/L; 287, 451; P\u00a0=\u00a0.01) and IM DP (365\u2009pmol\/L; 276, 1200; P\u00a0=\u00a0.04) after controlling for age. Angiotensin II, angiotensin I, and plasma renin activity marker (PRA-S) were higher in IF DP compared to SF DP, but not significantly (P\u2009\u2264\u2009.25). After controlling for age, angiotensin 1-7\/angiotensin I was lower in IF DP compared to SF DP (P\u00a0=\u00a0.01). Genotypes did not differ among groups. Most DP (94%) were ACE variant positive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex and reproductive status influenced the RAAS of DP, with IF DP showing genotype-independent higher ACE activity. These findings hold implications for sterilization practices in female dogs, and support sex and reproductive status as a source of variability in RAAS studies. Additionally, the frequency of the ACE gene variant was very high in this group of DP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T05:58:09Z","timestamp":1669096689000},"page":"22-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Influence of sex on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system metabolites and enzymes in Doberman Pinschers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darcy B.","family":"Adin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, 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