{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T05:54:11Z","timestamp":1792043651644,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1129,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federale Overheidsdienst Volksgezondheid, Veiligheid van de Voedselketen en Leefmilieu; RATIOSEP","award":["RF 21\/6351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF 21\/6351"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, AUGE\/15\/05","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0H2516N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0H2516N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0H2516N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0H2516N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis is a life-threatening disease for which critically important antimicrobials (CIA) frequently are used. Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for sepsis and critically ill calves are largely lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Identify factors associated with mortality in critically ill calves and describe bacteria obtained from blood cultures of critically ill calves with sepsis and their antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two-hundred thirty critically ill calves, mainly Belgian Blue beef cattle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study. Logistic regression, survival analysis, and decision tree analysis were used to determine factors associated with mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the critically ill calves, 34.3% had sepsis and 61.3% died. The final survival model indicated that calves with sepsis (hazard risk [HR]: 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-2.5; P\u00a0=\u00a0.05), abnormal behavior (HR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3-4.0; P\u00a0=\u00a0.005), and hypothermia (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72-0.95; P\u00a0=\u00a0.01) had a significantly higher mortality risk. In a second survival model, hypothermia (HR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.78-0.96; P\u00a0=\u00a0.004) and hypoglycemia (HR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.5-3.3; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) were risk factors for mortality. Decision tree analysis emphasized the importance of behavior, hypochloremia, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and lung ultrasonography for mortality risk.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Escherichia coli (30.6%) was most frequently isolated from blood cultures, of which 90.9% were multidrug resistant. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials was frequent for penicillin, amoxicillin, and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim, but less for CIA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many critically ill calves have sepsis, which increases mortality risk. Bacteria involved are often resistant to first-intention antimicrobials but less resistant to CIA. The other identified risk factors for mortality can support therapeutic decision-making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T07:09:04Z","timestamp":1671779344000},"page":"374-389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sepsis and survival in critically ill calves: Risk factors and antimicrobial use"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3546-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathilde L.","family":"Pas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Bokma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Boyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Department of Pathobiology, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Pardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University Department of Internal Medicine, , 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