{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:14:16Z","timestamp":1778922856091,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":948,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California Davis Center for Companion Animal Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral blood vessels in pigs are not easily accessible, making placement of intravenous catheters difficult. Alternative methods to intravenous administration of fluids, such as administering fluids via the rectum (proctoclysis), are warranted in pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Administration of polyionic crystalloid fluids via proctoclysis results in hemodilution changes similar to intravenous administration. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tolerance for proctoclysis in pigs and compare analytes before and after intravenous or proctoclysis therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six healthy, growing, academic institution-owned pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomized, cross-over design clinical trial, with 3 treatments (control, intravenous, and proctoclysis) with a 3-day washout period. The pigs were anesthetized and jugular catheters were placed. A polyionic fluid (Plasma-Lyte A 148) was administered at 4.4\u2009mL\/kg\/h during the intravenous and proctoclysis treatments. Laboratory analytes, including PCV, plasma, and serum total solids, albumin, and electrolytes were measured over 12\u2009h at T0, T3, T6, T9, and T12. Effects of treatment and time on analytes were determined by analysis of variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proctoclysis was tolerated by pigs. Albumin concentrations decreased during the IV treatment between T0 and T6 (least square mean of 4.2 vs 3.9\u2009g\/dL; 95% CI of mean difference\u2009=\u2009\u22120.42, \u22120.06; P\u2009=\u2009.03). Proctoclysis did not significantly affect any laboratory analytes at any time points (P\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proctoclysis did not demonstrate hemodilution similar to intravenous administration of polyionic fluids. Proctoclysis might not be an effective alternative to the intravenous administration of polyionic fluids in healthy euvolemic pigs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:45:01Z","timestamp":1684979101000},"page":"1580-1587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Continuous fluid infusion per rectum compared with intravenous fluid infusion in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munashe","family":"Chigerwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Blasczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bailey A.","family":"Abi-Nader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paige M.","family":"Condy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6592-2151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cileah M.","family":"Kretsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Depenbrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302575883400_jvim16733-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2005.032425","article-title":"Fluid replacement via the rectum for treatment of hypovolaemic shock in an animal model","volume":"23","author":"Girisgin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"2026020302575883400_jvim16733-bib-0002","first-page":"531","article-title":"Fowler's Zoo and Wildlife 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