{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T07:05:52Z","timestamp":1771052752833,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":836,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF.STG.2019.0013.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF.STG.2019.0013.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031829","name":"CEVA Sant\u00e9 Animale","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032517","name":"IDEXX Laboratories","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032517","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007229","name":"Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF.STG.2019.0013.01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF.STG.2019.0013.01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007229","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laboratory results are influenced by presence and severity of disease, as well as preanalytical factors, analytical variation, and biological variation. Biological variation data for urinary protein: creatinine ratio (UPC) and urine specific gravity (USG) in cats are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine the biological variation of UPC and USG in cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty healthy client-owned cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective study. Urine was collected on days 0, 14, and 56 from all 80 cats to investigate the persistence of borderline or overt proteinuria or suboptimal urine concentration. In 15 of these cats, urine was collected weekly from day 0 to 42 to calculate the index of individuality (II) and reference change value (RCV), and on days 56 and 57 to evaluate day-to-day variability of UPC and USG.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Borderline or overt proteinuria (UPC \u22650.2) was present in 18\/80 (23%) cats at baseline and persisted on 3 occasions in 2\u2009months in 8\/18 (44%) cats. Urine concentration was suboptimal at inclusion (USG &amp;lt;1.035) in 8\/80 (10%) cats and at all 3 time points during 2\u2009months in 3\/8 (38%) cats. The II of UPC and USG indicated intermediate individuality. The 1-sided RCV was 82% for UPC and 36% for USG. Proteinuria substage was identical on 2 consecutive days in 13\/15 (87%) cats, and urine concentrating ability remained the same in all 15 cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A\u2009&amp;gt;82% increase in UPC in a healthy cat is not solely attributable to physiological and analytical variation. For USG, a decrease of &amp;gt;36% is considered clinically relevant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:50:31Z","timestamp":1697158231000},"page":"2261-2268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Biological variation of urinary protein:\u2009Creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Femke","family":"Mortier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6733-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Daminet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Duchateau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics Research Center, Ghent University , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9726-8491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Biscop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2919-1712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Paepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University Small Animal Department, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0001","article-title":"Diagnosing, Staging, and Treating Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs and Cats","author":"International Renal Interest Society","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15929","article-title":"Current and emerging concepts in biological and analytical variation applied in clinical practice","volume":"34","author":"Flatland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12781","article-title":"Clinical application of biological variation data to facilitate interpretation of canine and feline laboratory results","volume":"59","author":"Campora","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12475","article-title":"Recommendations for designing and conducting veterinary clinical pathology biologic variation studies","volume":"46","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13508770","article-title":"Biological variation and reference change values of feline plasma biochemistry analytes","volume":"16","author":"Baral","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20969485","article-title":"Biological variation of total thyroxine (T4), free T4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone in 11 clinically healthy cats","volume":"23","author":"Jordan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12884","article-title":"Biologic variation of symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine in clinically healthy cats","volume":"49","author":"Prieto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0008","first-page":"503","article-title":"Hematologic and biochemical biologic variation in laboratory cats","volume":"55","author":"Trumel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638716666602","article-title":"Biological variation of 20 analytes measured in serum from clinically healthy domestic cats","volume":"28","author":"Falken\u00f6","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12994","article-title":"Influence of preanalytical factors on feline proteinuria","volume":"50","author":"Giraldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12646","article-title":"Evaluation of the analytical variability of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in cats","volume":"47","author":"Giraldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13110","article-title":"The effect of non-absorbent hydrophobic sand litter on the urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in feline urine","volume":"51","author":"Kennils","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.8.862","article-title":"Urine protein-to-creatinine concentration ratio in samples collected by means of cystocentesis versus manual compression in cats","volume":"246","author":"Vilhena","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16696","article-title":"Effect of laboratory and sample storage factors on urinary protein\u2009:\u2009creatinine ratios and clinical decision making in cats","volume":"37","author":"Mortier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16800","article-title":"Comparison of cystocentesis versus home sampling to determine urinary protein\u2009:\u2009creatinine ratio and urine specific gravity in cats","volume":"37","author":"Mortier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0016","first-page":"425","article-title":"Day-to-day variation of the urine protein: creatinine ratio in female dogs with stable glomerular proteinuria caused by X-linked hereditary nephropathy","volume":"21","author":"Nabity","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x","article-title":"Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM Forum Consensus Statement (small animal)","volume":"19","author":"Lees","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0018","first-page":"631","article-title":"Proteinuria in dogs and cats","volume":"53","author":"Harley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0019","article-title":"IRIS Staging of CKD","author":"International Renal Interest Society","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03042.x","article-title":"Prognostic factors in cats with chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"King","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02892.x","article-title":"Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure is related to severity of proteinuria","volume":"20","author":"Syme","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X12464628","article-title":"Routine health screening: findings in apparently healthy middle-aged and old cats","volume":"15","author":"Paepe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14559788","article-title":"Routine kidney variables, glomerular filtration rate and urinary cystatin C in cats with diabetes mellitus, cats with chronic kidney disease and healthy cats","volume":"17","author":"Paepe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12439","article-title":"Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for azotaemic chronic kidney disease in cats","volume":"57","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13477415","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of healthy Ragdoll cats for chronic kidney disease by routine laboratory parameters and ultrasonography","volume":"15","author":"Paepe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.02.018","article-title":"Biological validation of feline serum cystatin C: the effect of breed, age and sex and establishment of a reference interval","volume":"204","author":"Ghys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X14541263","article-title":"Factors affecting urine specific gravity in apparently healthy cats presenting to first opinion practice for routine evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Rishniw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329703400103","article-title":"Proposals for setting generally applicable quality goals solely based on biology","volume":"34","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18757591","article-title":"Repeated measurements of renal function in evaluating its decline in cats","volume":"20","author":"Finch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15331","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats","volume":"32","author":"Acierno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12289","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor I in cats: validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and determination of biologic variation","volume":"44","author":"Strage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00933.x","article-title":"The effect of experimental cystitis and iatrogenic blood contamination on the urine protein\/creatine ratio in the dog","volume":"5","author":"Bagley","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.2004.tb00343.x","article-title":"Effects of urinary tract inflammation and sample blood contamination on urine albumin and total protein concentrations in canine urine samples","volume":"33","author":"Vaden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2018.1556129","article-title":"Does blood contamination of urine compromise interpretation of the urine protein to creatinine ratio in dogs?","volume":"67","author":"Jillings","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.79.5.525","article-title":"Effect of blood contamination on results of dipstick evaluation and urine protein-to-urine creatinine ratio for urine samples from dogs and cats","volume":"79","author":"Vient\u00f3s-Plotts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401272635500_jvim16881-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.07.1638","article-title":"Food and water intake and urine composition in cats: influence of continuous versus periodic feeding","volume":"47","author":"Finco","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/37\/6\/2261\/66895557\/jvim16881.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/37\/6\/2261\/66895557\/jvim16881.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:27:37Z","timestamp":1771050457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/37\/6\/2261\/8483273"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-13","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}