{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:58:06Z","timestamp":1790229486914,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":643,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with respiratory and neurologic disease, abortion, and neonatal death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccines decrease the occurrence of clinical disease in EHV-1-infected horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was performed searching multiple databases to identify relevant studies. Selection criteria were original peer-reviewed research reports that investigated the in vivo use of vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by EHV-1 in domesticated horses. Main outcomes of interest included pyrexia, abortion, neurologic disease, viremia, and nasal shedding. We evaluated risk of bias, conducted exploratory meta-analyses of incidence data for the main outcomes, and performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for each vaccine subtype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1018 unique studies were identified, of which 35 met the inclusion criteria. Experimental studies accounted for 31\/35 studies, with the remainder being observational studies. Eight vaccine subclasses were identified including commercial (modified-live, inactivated, mixed) and experimental (modified-live, inactivated, deletion mutant, DNA, recombinant). Risk of bias was generally moderate, often because of underreporting of research methods, and sample sizes were small leading to imprecision in the estimate of the effect size. Several studies reported either no benefit or minimal vaccine efficacy for the primary outcomes of interest. Meta-analyses revealed significant heterogeneity was present, and our confidence in the quality of evidence for most outcomes was low to moderate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our review indicates that commercial and experimental vaccines minimally reduce the incidence of clinical disease associated with EHV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T08:57:31Z","timestamp":1699261051000},"page":"1858-1871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vaccination for the prevention of equine herpesvirus-1 disease in domesticated horses: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5313-2176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Osterrieder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Virologie, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8270-6215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Dorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8580-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandy A.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz S.","family":"Goehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center , Lexington, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7906-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peggy","family":"Gross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Neinast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Pusterla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela Soboll","family":"Hussey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Veterinary Medical Center , East Lansing, Michigan,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7388-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Lunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool , Liverpool,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020305103737400_jvim16895-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2668","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02668","article-title":"EHV-1: a constant threat to the horse industry","volume":"10","author":"Oladunni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front 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