{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:52:04Z","timestamp":1791287524197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":836,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since publication of the last consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs, there has been revision of leptospiral taxonomy and advancements in typing methods, widespread use of new diagnostic tests and vaccines, and improved understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease. Leptospirosis continues to be prevalent in dogs, including in small breed dogs from urban areas, puppies as young as 11\u2009weeks of age, geriatric dogs, dogs in rural areas, and dogs that have been inadequately vaccinated for leptospirosis (including dogs vaccinated with 2-serovar Leptospira vaccines in some regions). In 2021, the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Board of Regents voted to approve the topic for a revised Consensus Statement. After identification of core panelists, a multidisciplinary group of 6 experts from the fields of veterinary medicine, human medicine, and public health was assembled to vote on the recommendations using the Delphi method. A draft was presented at the 2023 ACVIM Forum, and a written draft posted on the ACVIM website for comment by the membership before submission to the editors of the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. This revised document provides guidance for veterinary practitioners on disease in dogs as well as cats. The level of agreement among the 12 voting members (including core panelists) is provided in association with each recommendation. A denominator lower than 12 reflects abstention of \u22651 panelists either because they considered the recommendation to be outside their scope of expertise or because there was a perceived conflict of interest.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T06:37:26Z","timestamp":1697783846000},"page":"1966-1982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Updated ACVIM consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6814-9835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane E.","family":"Sykes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California, 95616","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6693-5365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Francey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, , Bern,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Schuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, , Bern,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn A.","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia, 30333","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry D.","family":"Cowgill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California, 95616","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University Department of Veterinary Administration, , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x","article-title":"2010 ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention","volume":"25","author":"Sykes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270313","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis in Canada, test-positive proportion and risk factors (2009 to 2018): a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Stull","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.04.003","article-title":"Neighborhood-level socioeconomic and urban land use risk factors of canine leptospirosis: 94 cases (2002-2009)","volume":"106","author":"Raghavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.02.009","article-title":"Hotspots of canine leptospirosis in The United States of America","volume":"222","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0005","first-page":"167","article-title":"Increase in seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis and its risk factors, Ontario 1998-2006","volume":"73","author":"Alton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15947","article-title":"Evaluation of changes in the epidemiology of leptospirosis in dogs after introduction of a quadrivalent antileptospiral vaccine in a highly endemic area","volume":"34","author":"Francey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0007","first-page":"7","article-title":"Potential drivers for the re-emergence of canine leptospirosis in the United States and Canada","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105407","article-title":"Spatio-temporal distribution and agroecological factors associated with canine leptospirosis in Great Britain","volume":"193","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12454","article-title":"Severe hyperkalemia presenting with wide-complex tachycardia in a puppy with acute kidney injury secondary to leptospirosis","volume":"26","author":"Rubanick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0010","first-page":"1027","article-title":"Localized cutaneous calcinosis associated with leptospirosis in a 4-month-old beagle puppy","volume":"63","author":"Muller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714553293","article-title":"Diagnostic features in 10 naturally occurring cases of acute fatal canine leptospirosis","volume":"26","author":"Rissi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586719887709","article-title":"We agree, don't we? The Delphi method for health environments research","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herd"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007270","article-title":"Revisiting the taxonomy and evolution of pathogenicity of the genus Leptospira through the prism of genomics","volume":"13","author":"Vincent","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.06.0104","article-title":"Understanding leptospirosis: application of state-of-the-art molecular typing tools with a One Health lens","volume":"83:","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0015","article-title":"List of prokaryotic names with standing in nomenclature (LPSN). Genus Leptospira"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0016","first-page":"11","article-title":"Risk and predictive factors of leptospirosis in dogs diagnosed with kidney and\/or liver disease in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Abdul Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007499","article-title":"Leptospira infection in rats: a literature review of global prevalence and distribution","volume":"13","author":"Boey","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02157-21","article-title":"Leptospira is an environmental bacterium that grows in waterlogged soil","volume":"10","author":"Yanagihara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009736","article-title":"Leptospira interrogans biofilm formation in Rattus norvegicus (Norway rats) natural reservoirs","volume":"15","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2022.103981","article-title":"Biofilm formation and social interaction of Leptospira in natural and artificial environments","volume":"173","author":"Meganathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12335","article-title":"Regional and temporal variations of Leptospira seropositivity in dogs in the United States, 2000-2010","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2006043","article-title":"Use of a case-control study and geographic information systems to determine environmental and demographic risk factors for canine leptospirosis","volume":"38","author":"Ghneim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.05.017","article-title":"Spatial and spatio-temporal clustering of overall and serovar-specific Leptospira microscopic agglutination test (MAT) seropositivity among dogs in the United States from 2000 through 2007","volume":"96","author":"Gautam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0024","first-page":"941","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of Leptospira infection in dogs from northern California: 67 cases (2001\u20132010)","author":"Hennebelle","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16060","article-title":"Investigation of spatio-temporal clusters of positive leptospirosis polymerase chain reaction test results in dogs in the United States, 2009 to 2016","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.6.616","article-title":"Clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological features of a community-wide outbreak of canine leptospirosis in a low-prevalence region (Maricopa County, Arizona)","volume":"258","author":"Iverson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0027","article-title":"Leptospirosis in Los Angeles County in 2021","author":"County of Los Angeles Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19073906","article-title":"Outbreak of Leptospira borgpetersenii serogroup Sejroe infection in kennel: the role of dogs as sentinel in specific environments","volume":"19:","author":"Balboni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0029","first-page":"8","article-title":"Feline susceptibility to leptospirosis and presence of immunosuppressive co-morbidities: first european report of L. interrogans serogroup Australis Sequence Type 24 in a cat and survey of Leptospira exposure in outdoor cats","volume":"8","author":"Mazzotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X20903601","article-title":"Leptospirosis in cats: current literature review to guide diagnosis and management","volume":"22","author":"Murillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fel Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239991","article-title":"Cats shedding pathogenic Leptospira spp. \u2013 an underestimated zoonotic risk?","volume":"15","author":"Dorsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230048","article-title":"First report of pathogenic Leptospira spp. isolated from urine and kidneys of naturally infected cats","volume":"15","author":"Alashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882100176X","article-title":"Serological and molecular detection of pathogenic Leptospira in domestic and stray cats on Reunion Island, French Indies","volume":"149","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89872-3","article-title":"Molecular and serological epidemiology of Leptospira infection in cats in Okinawa Island, Japan","volume":"11","author":"Kakita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X211001042","article-title":"Serologic and urinary survey of exposure to Leptospira species in a feral cat population of Prince Edward Island, Canada","volume":"23","author":"Bourassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fel Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X231162471","article-title":"Evaluation of Leptospira infection and exposure in free-roaming cat populations in northern California and southern Texas","volume":"25","author":"Sebastian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fel Med Surg"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.02.021","article-title":"Efficacy of commercially available vaccines against canine leptospirosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Bergmann Esteves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12942","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies in equines and associated workers-isolation of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola from equine urine","volume":"69","author":"Meny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008662","article-title":"Circulating genotypes of Leptospira in French Polynesia: an 9-year molecular epidemiology surveillance follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"Grillova","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14750","article-title":"Investigating Leptospira dynamics in a multi-host community using an agent-based modelling approach","volume":"69","author":"Belsare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/346208","article-title":"Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Levett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249987","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Leptospira spp. among wild mammals and a dog in Amami Oshima Island, Japan","volume":"16","author":"Shinya","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.917962","article-title":"Hematogenous dissemination of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Leptospira in a short-term murine model of infection","volume":"12","author":"Surdel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009836","article-title":"Pathogenesis insights from an ancient and ubiquitous spirochete","volume":"17","author":"Coburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70897-z","article-title":"Implications of back-and-forth motion and powerful propulsion for spirochetal invasion","volume":"10","author":"Abe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.777709","article-title":"A review on host-Leptospira interactions: what we know and future expectations","volume":"11","author":"Daroz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1000","article-title":"Pathogenesis of pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome in human leptospirosis","volume":"104","author":"Nicodemo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0585.x","article-title":"Pulmonary abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis","volume":"24","author":"Kohn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7242","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110707242","article-title":"Increasing incidence of canine leptospirosis in Switzerland","volume":"11","author":"Major","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12328","article-title":"European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Schuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105500","article-title":"The same strain leading to different clinical outcomes: the enigma behind the canine leptospirosis","volume":"165","author":"Di Azevedo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211024575","article-title":"Detection and characterization of Leptospira spp. in dogs diagnosed with kidney and\/or liver disease in Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"33","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.572972","article-title":"Virulent Leptospira interrogans induce cytotoxic effects in human platelets in vitro through direct interactions","volume":"11","author":"Vieira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001","article-title":"Leptospirosis","volume":"14","author":"Levett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0055","first-page":"779","article-title":"Gibt es ein nerv\u00f6ses Syndrom der Leptospirose des Hundes?","volume":"93","author":"Freudiger","year":"1951","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.02.016","article-title":"Leptospirosis-associated disturbances of blood vessels, lungs and hemostasis","volume":"115","author":"Medeiros Fda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020387","article-title":"Infectious uveitis in horses and new insights in its leptospiral biofilm-related pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Wollanke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700640115","article-title":"Renal lesions in Leptospira canicola infection in dogs","volume":"64","author":"Mc","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Pathol Bacteriol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000528703","article-title":"Leptospirosis: a potential culprit for chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology","volume":"147","author":"Premarathne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.03.003","article-title":"PCR screening for candidate etiological agents of canine hepatitis","volume":"108","author":"Boomkens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15340","article-title":"Hepatic leptospiral infections in dogs without obvious renal involvement","volume":"33","author":"McCallum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000610","article-title":"Strategies for diagnosis and treatment of suspected leptospirosis: a cost-benefit analysis","volume":"4","author":"Suputtamongkol","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0063","article-title":"When and what to test for: a cost-effectiveness analysis of febrile illness test-and-treat strategies in the era of responsible antibiotic use","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-6-495","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis in New Jersey and Michigan: 17 cases (1990-1995)","volume":"32","author":"Harkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03640.x","article-title":"Naturally acquired leptospirosis in 36 dogs: serological and clinicopathological features","volume":"39","author":"Birnbaum","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00345.x","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis. A retrospective study of 17 cases","volume":"6","author":"Rentko","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.371","article-title":"Treatment and outcome of dogs with leptospirosis: 36 cases (1990-1998)","volume":"216","author":"Adin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1622648","article-title":"Epidemiologic situation of canine leptospirosis in the northern states of Germany in the years 2003-2006. A retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Gerlach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausgabe K Kleintiere \u2013 Heimtiere"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0069","first-page":"499","article-title":"An old disease with a new face: canine leptospirosis does not lose its relevance","volume":"141","author":"Steger-Lieb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0070","first-page":"387","article-title":"Leptospirosis in dogs: a serologic survey and case series 1996 to 2001","volume":"4","author":"Boutilier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet Ther"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12718","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, imaging findings and outcome in 99 dogs with leptospirosis","volume":"58","author":"Knopfler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13004","article-title":"Evaluation of C-reactive protein and its kinetics as a prognostic indicator in canine leptospirosis","volume":"60","author":"Buser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13148","article-title":"Emerging leptospirosis in urban Sydney dogs: a case series (2017-2020)","volume":"100","author":"Griebsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.452","article-title":"Clinical findings in dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis in England","volume":"189","author":"Raj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.9.1316","article-title":"Clinicopathologic and atypical features of naturally occurring leptospirosis in dogs: 51 cases (2000-2010)","volume":"243","author":"Tangeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00324.x","article-title":"Canine leptospirosis infections \u2013 clinical signs and outcome with different suspected Leptospira serogroups (42 cases)","volume":"48","author":"Geisen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02921.x","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features and outcome predictors of Leptospira interrogans Australis serogroup infection in dogs: a retrospective study of 20 cases (2001-2004)","volume":"21","author":"Mastrorilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0078","first-page":"955","article-title":"Resurgence of leptospirosis in dogs in Ontario: recent findings","volume":"43","author":"Prescott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02886.x","article-title":"Influence of infecting serogroup on clinical features of leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"20","author":"Goldstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1100","article-title":"Clinical and pathologic comparison of acute leptospirosis in dogs caused by two strains of Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa","volume":"65","author":"Greenlee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.4.1557-1560.1997","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a Na+, K+ ATPase inhibitor found in an endotoxin of Leptospira interrogans","volume":"65","author":"Burth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000185943","article-title":"Acute renal failure of leptospirosis: nonoliguric and hypokalemic forms","volume":"55","author":"Seguro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12495","article-title":"Evidence of cardiac injury and arrhythmias in dogs with acute kidney injury","volume":"57","author":"Keller","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16693","article-title":"Hyperlipasemia in dogs with acute kidney injury treated with and without hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Bendeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(03)00029-X","article-title":"Characterization of renal damage in canine leptospirosis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting of the urinary proteins","volume":"129","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13129","article-title":"Microscopic detection of Leptospira bacterial organisms in urine sediment from a young dog with leptospirosis and a review of the pathobiology and diagnosis of canine leptospirosis","volume":"52","author":"Klosowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcam.2020.100406","article-title":"Hematological and hemostatic alterations associated with a single extracorporeal renal replacement therapy in dogs with acute kidney injury associated leptospirosis: a pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Barthelemy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Companion Anim Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00944.x","article-title":"Radiographic findings in the thorax of dogs with leptospiral infection","volume":"42","author":"Baumann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0089","first-page":"8","article-title":"Predictors of fatal pulmonary haemorrhage in dogs affected by leptospirosis approaching haemodialysis","volume":"8","author":"Lippi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102046","article-title":"Serial CT features of pulmonary leptospirosis in 10 dogs","volume":"174","author":"Gendron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2009.00432.x","article-title":"Small intestinal intussusception in five dogs with acute renal failure and suspected leptospirosis (L. australis)","volume":"19","author":"Schweighauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01617.x","article-title":"Sonographic renal findings in 20 dogs with leptospirosis","volume":"39","author":"Forrest","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12571","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with leptospirosis","volume":"59","author":"Sonet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060484","article-title":"Detection of new Leptospira genotypes infecting symptomatic dogs: is a new vaccine formulation needed?","volume":"9","author":"Bertasio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","article-title":"Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test","volume":"32:","author":"Goris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.242.10.1373","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serologic microagglutination testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs in a referral center","volume":"242","author":"Fraune","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221096781","article-title":"Use of machine-learning algorithms to aid in the early detection of leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Reagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12337","article-title":"Vaccine-associated Leptospira antibodies in client-owned dogs","volume":"28","author":"Martin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01370-08","article-title":"Major surface protein LipL32 is not required for either acute or chronic infection with Leptospira interrogans","volume":"77","author":"Murray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0100","article-title":"International Proficiency Testing Scheme for the Leptospirosis MAT","author":"International Leptospirosis Society"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14865","article-title":"Evaluation of 3 serological tests for early detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies in experimentally infected dogs","volume":"32","author":"Lizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0102","first-page":"182","article-title":"Performance of a recombinant LipL32 based rapid in-clinic ELISA (SNAP\u00ae Lepto) for the detection of antibodies against Leptospira in dogs","volume":"13","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J App Res Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3760191","article-title":"A rapid in-clinic test detects acute leptospirosis in dogs with high sensitivity and specificity","volume":"2016","author":"Kodjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104134","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid IgM detection test for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"180","author":"Lizer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.05.010","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of rapid point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"237","author":"Troia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12628","article-title":"Diagnostic value of two commercial chromatographic \u201cpatient-side\u201d tests in the diagnosis of acute canine leptospirosis","volume":"58","author":"Gloor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0107","first-page":"193","article-title":"Evaluation of SNAP\u00ae Lepto in the diagnosis of leptospirosis infections in dogs: twenty two clinical cases","volume":"13","author":"Winzelberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J App Res Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040395","article-title":"Role of diagnostics in epidemiology, management, surveillance, and control of leptospirosis","volume":"11","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005940","article-title":"Rapid, actionable diagnosis of urban epidemic leptospirosis using a pathogenic Leptospira lipL32-based real-time PCR assay","volume":"11","author":"Riediger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.815103","article-title":"The evaluation of the diagnostic value of a pcr assay when compared to a serologic micro-agglutination test for canine leptospirosis","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0111","article-title":"2023 Infectious Diseases Laboratory Test Directory","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0112","article-title":"2023 Online Catalog from Accutest","author":"Accutest"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0113","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effect of vaccination against Leptospira on shelter asymptomatic dogs following a long-term study","volume":"12","author":"Sant'Anna da Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228038","article-title":"Leptospiral shedding and seropositivity in shelter dogs in the Cumberland Gap Region of Southeastern Appalachia","volume":"15","author":"Spangler","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200384","article-title":"Prospective study of canine leptospirosis in shelter and stray dog populations: identification of chronic carriers and different Leptospira species infecting dogs","volume":"13","author":"Miotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2230-0","article-title":"Leptospira infection and shedding in dogs in Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Altheimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00852.x","article-title":"Effects of recent Leptospira vaccination on whole blood real-time PCR testing in healthy client-owned dogs","volume":"26","author":"Midence","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9620","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66526-4","article-title":"Isolation and propagation of leptospires at 37\u00b0C directly from the mammalian host","volume":"10","author":"Hornsby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0119","article-title":"National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) 2013 Case Definition","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0120","article-title":"Leptospirosis: treatment","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091125","article-title":"Current evidence on the antimicrobial treatment and chemoprophylaxis of human leptospirosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Guzman Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16026","article-title":"Ampicillin pharmacokinetics in azotemic and healthy dogs","volume":"35","author":"Monaghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.659960","article-title":"Effects of IV fluids in dogs and cats with kidney failure","volume":"8","author":"Langston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mnh.0000441150.17202.be","article-title":"Are diuretics harmful in the management of acute kidney injury?","volume":"23","author":"Ejaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13930","article-title":"Desmopressin as a hemostatic and blood sparing agent in bleeding disorders","volume":"110","author":"Mohinani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03037.x","article-title":"An open randomized controlled trial of desmopressin and pulse dexamethasone as adjunct therapy in patients with pulmonary involvement associated with severe leptospirosis","volume":"16","author":"Niwattayakul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0127","first-page":"82","article-title":"Outcome prediction of acute kidney injury in dogs and cats","volume":"66","author":"Segev","year":"2011","journal-title":"Israel J Vet Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00680207","article-title":"Door-to-dialysis time and daily hemodialysis in patients with leptospirosis: impact on mortality","volume":"2","author":"Andrade","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0452-6","article-title":"Acute kidney injury management using intermittent low efficiency haemodiafiltration in a critical care unit: 39 dogs (2012-2015)","volume":"61","author":"Cambournac","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2020.07.014","article-title":"Extracorporeal therapies in the emergency room and intensive care unit","volume":"50","author":"Foster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15528","article-title":"Membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs: prescription, anticoagulation, and metabolic response","volume":"33","author":"Francey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4094-0","article-title":"Sequel and therapeutic modalities of leptospirosis associated severe pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS); a Sri Lankan experience","volume":"19","author":"Herath","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0133","article-title":"Therapeutic plasma exchange in dogs suffering from leptospirosis","author":"Francey","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0134","article-title":"Treatment recommendations for CKD in dogs","author":"International Renal Interest Society"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14626","article-title":"Hemorrhagic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric disorders in 35 dogs with a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis: a prospective study","volume":"31","author":"Barthelemy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0136","first-page":"272","article-title":"Predictors of lethality in severe leptospirosis in Transcarpathian region of Ukraine","volume":"30","author":"Petakh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0137","article-title":"Determinants of prolonged hospitalization and mortality among leptospirosis patients attending tertiary care hospitals in northeastern state in peninsular Malaysia: a cross sectional retrospective analysis","volume":"9","author":"Al Hariri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13930","article-title":"Validation of a clinical scoring system for outcome prediction in dogs with acute kidney injury managed by hemodialysis","volume":"30","author":"Segev","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0063.x","article-title":"A novel clinical scoring system for outcome prediction in dogs with acute kidney injury managed by hemodialysis","volume":"22","author":"Segev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12736","article-title":"Evaluation of a prognostic scoring system for dogs managed with hemodialysis","volume":"28","author":"Perondi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104694","article-title":"Fifteen-month duration of immunity for the serovar Grippotyphosa fraction of a tetravalent canine leptospirosis vaccine","volume":"182","author":"Grosenbaugh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.05.043","article-title":"Duration of immunity of a multivalent (DHPPi\/L4R) canine vaccine against four Leptospira serovars","volume":"31","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.12.021","article-title":"Onset and duration of protective immunity against clinical disease and renal carriage in dogs provided by a bi-valent inactivated leptospirosis vaccine","volume":"137","author":"Minke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0144","article-title":"MAT cross-reactions or vaccine cross-protection: retrospective study of 863 leptospirosis canine cases","volume":"4","author":"Andre-Fontaine","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2019.109985","article-title":"A canine vaccine against Leptospira serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola and Grippotyphosa provides cross protection against Leptospira serovar Copenhageni","volume":"219","author":"Bouvet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.02.002","article-title":"Adverse vaccinal events in dogs and cats","volume":"40","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0147","first-page":"1","article-title":"Breed, smaller weight, and multiple injections are associated with increased adverse event reports within three days following canine vaccine administration","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.12.003","article-title":"IgE reactivity to vaccine components in dogs that developed immediate-type allergic reactions after vaccination","volume":"104","author":"Ohmori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.11.0192","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of canine vaccines","volume":"84","author":"Franco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0150","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0151","article-title":"Leptospirosis","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05211-1","article-title":"Genetic relatedness of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Autumnalis isolated from humans, dogs, and mice in Japan","volume":"13","author":"Koizumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01240.x","article-title":"Leptospirosis in a small animal veterinarian: reminder to follow standardized infection control procedures","volume":"57","author":"Baer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.43.16-00792","article-title":"Pet rodents as possible risk for leptospirosis, Belgium and France, 2009 to 2016","volume":"22:","author":"Mori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.164.6.186","article-title":"Weil's disease associated with the adoption of a feral rat","volume":"164","author":"Strugnell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.06.0258","article-title":"A global one health perspective on leptospirosis in humans and animals","volume":"260","author":"Sykes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0157","article-title":"2021 Advisory #35: Increase in Leptospirosis Cases in New York City","author":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-79-6-777","article-title":"Human leptospirosis from immunized dogs","volume":"79","author":"Feigin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(51)90010-1","article-title":"Canicola fever; review, with report of two new cases","volume":"11","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1951","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0161","first-page":"332","article-title":"Canicola fever\u201d, a professional health hazard","volume":"93","author":"Meyer","year":"1938","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121547","article-title":"Leptospirosis \u2013 an epidemic in children","volume":"98","author":"Barkin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0163","article-title":"Man's best friend? Locally acquired leptospirosis in a Minnesota boy and his dog","author":"Thielen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12557","article-title":"Despite high-risk exposures, no evidence of zoonotic transmission during a canine outbreak of leptospirosis","volume":"66","author":"Guagliardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2013.862161","article-title":"Seroprevalence and exposure to risk factors for leptospirosis among veterinary students at Massey University","volume":"62","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031797","article-title":"Are small animal practitioners occupationally exposed to leptospirosis? Results of a serological survey","volume":"19:","author":"Mazzotta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0167","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Coxiella, Brucella, and Leptospira among marine mammal rehabilitation workers in California","author":"Bjork","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16309","article-title":"Evaluation by polymerase chain reaction assay of persistent shedding of pathogenic leptospires in the urine of dogs with leptospirosis","volume":"36","author":"Hetrick","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0169","article-title":"Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel","author":"National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians Veterinary Infection Control Committee","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0170","article-title":"Leptospirosis. Healthcare Workers","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"2026021401275376800_jvim16903-bib-0171","article-title":"Leptospirosis. Pets","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/37\/6\/1966\/66895554\/jvim16903.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/37\/6\/1966\/66895554\/jvim16903.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T06:28:14Z","timestamp":1771050494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/37\/6\/1966\/8483272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}