{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T07:06:00Z","timestamp":1771052760002,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":836,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The long-term effect of implantable vagus nerve stimulators (VNS) on seizures has not been evaluated in epileptic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Report seizure frequency in medication-resistant epileptic dogs before and after VNS implantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve client-owned dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and &amp;gt;1 seizure day per 3\u2009weeks despite 3\u2009months of appropriate use of 2 antiseizure medications and seizure diaries maintained 6\u2009months before and &amp;gt;12\u2009months after VNS implantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Uncontrolled, open-label, before and after study. Mean monthly seizures and inter-seizure periods obtained from contemporaneous seizure diaries in the 6\u2009months before implantation were compared with 0 to 6\u2009months, 7 to 12\u2009months, and subsequent 12-month periods after implantation. The number of dogs with &amp;gt;50% decrease in seizure frequency, &amp;gt;3 times increase in inter-ictal period interval, and seizure freedom for &amp;gt;3\u2009months at the time of death or last follow-up were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five of 12 dogs were euthanized &amp;lt;12\u2009months after implantation. All 7 remaining dogs showed &amp;gt;50% decrease in seizure frequency until last follow-up, starting at a median of 37 to 48\u2009months after implantation (range, 0-6 to 61-72\u2009months) and a &amp;gt;3-fold increase in mean inter-seizure interval starting a median of 25 to 36\u2009months after implantation (range, 0-6\u2009months to 49-60\u2009months), 3\/7 dogs were seizure-free at death or last follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monthly seizure frequencies decreased and inter-seizure intervals increased in all dogs 2 to 3\u2009years after VNS implantation, but a high proportion were euthanized before this time point. Prospective clinical trials are required to establish causality and the magnitude of this association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16908","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,21]],"date-time":"2023-10-21T01:43:25Z","timestamp":1697852605000},"page":"2102-2108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-term outcome of epileptic dogs treated with implantable vagus nerve stimulators"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5980-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Harcourt-Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Langford Vets, University of Bristol School of Veterinary Sciences , Bristol,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Royal Hospital for 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