{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:36:00Z","timestamp":1782876960826,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":764,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Granulomatous hepatitis (GH) is a form of chronic hepatitis (CH) in dogs for which limited information is published.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the clinical presentation, clinical pathology, ultrasound, and hepatic histopathology findings and to report survival times in dogs with GH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine client-owned dogs with GH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational study. Pathology records were searched. Inclusion criteria included a histopathologic diagnosis of GH, absence of an identified etiology or evidence of extrahepatic granulomatous disease, and a medical record available for review. Clinical presentation, clinical pathologic findings, treatment protocols, and survival times were recorded. Available hepatic biopsy material was graded and scored, and ultrasound evaluations reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median age was 7\u2009years (range, 0.66-12\u2009years). Nineteen breeds were represented. Decreased appetite (19\/29), lethargy (16\/29), and fever (13\/29) were seen most commonly. All dogs had increased serum transaminase activities, whereas 21\/29 and 12\/24 had hyperbilirubinemia and neutrophilia, respectively. Ultrasonographic findings included hepatomegaly (12\/22), nodular parenchymal lesions (9\/22), and hyperechoic parenchymal bands (8\/22). Histopathologic necroinflammatory scores were moderate to severe in 16\/19 dogs, and fibrosis scores were mild in 14\/19 dogs. Treatments varied and included antibiotics, immunosuppressive drugs, and hepatoprotectants. Overall median survival was 635\u2009days (range, 1-2482\u2009days).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Granulomatous hepatitis in dogs is associated with high histopathologic grade, fever, neutrophilia, and a high incidence of hepatomegaly and focal parenchymal lesions on ultrasound examination. Despite disease severity on presentation, dogs with GH can have a good outcome with prolonged survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T19:08:16Z","timestamp":1700852896000},"page":"167-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of clinical presentation, histological features, ultrasonographic findings, and survival in 29 dogs with granulomatous hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6439-1149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayla D.","family":"Prentice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie E.","family":"Callahan-Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola M.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"CBSET, Inc , Lexington, Massachusetts,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University , North Grafton, Massachusetts,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3151-1826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia R. 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