{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:07:43Z","timestamp":1791360463713,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":764,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is only limited information on the clinical presentation, medical management, and outcomes of hospitalized sheep diagnosed with bluetongue virus (BTV) disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the signalment, history, clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, medical management, and clinical outcomes of sheep diagnosed with BTV disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-five hospitalized sheep with BTV disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series. Medical records from 1989 to 2021 were evaluated. History, signalment, clinical signs, laboratory test results, treatments, and outcomes were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BTV disease was diagnosed from July to December, with a peak proportion (43%; 15\/35) of diagnoses recorded in October. Pyrexia and anorexia, respiratory disease, vasculitis, coronitis and lameness, and ulcerative mucosal lesions were present in 71%, 71%, 66%, 49%, and 22% of sheep, respectively. BTV serotypes 10, 11, 13, and 17 were identified, with serotype 17 (75%) being the most frequent. Management of cases included administration of antimicrobials (89%), anti-inflammatories (77%), IV fluids (60%), vitamins (20%), proton-pump inhibitors (14%), diuretics (9%), and antioxidants (9%). Six ewes were pregnant on presentation, but none aborted. Six (17%) sheep died or were euthanized because of clinical deterioration, whereas 83% were discharged.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proportion of sheep that survived BTV disease after treatment was relatively high. Serotyping of BTV is recommended because of the mismatch between frequently identified serotypes and the serotype present in the vaccine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T08:56:14Z","timestamp":1701420974000},"page":"514-519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Clinical presentation, medical management, and outcomes in 35 hospitalized sheep diagnosed with bluetongue virus disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9645-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Gamsj\u00e4ger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6841-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munashe","family":"Chigerwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, , Davis, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2008.00732.x","article-title":"Rates of bluetongue virus transmission between Culicoides sonorensis and sheep","volume":"22","author":"Baylis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12780","article-title":"Bluetongue virus serotype 27: experimental infection of goats, sheep, and cattle with three BTV-27 variants reveal atypical characteristics and likely direct contact transmission of BTV-27 between goats","volume":"65","author":"Br\u00e9ard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20627","article-title":"Using shared needles for subcutaneous inoculation can transmit bluetongue virus mechanically between ruminant hosts","volume":"6","author":"Darpel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.05.1197","article-title":"Ornithodoros coriaceus (pajaroello tick) as a vector of bluetongue virus","volume":"46","author":"Stott","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040652","article-title":"Transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 8 by artificial insemination with frozen-thawed semen from naturally infected bulls","volume":"13","author":"De Clercq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0006","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 1 and serotype 8 in sheep: virological and pathological findings","volume":"8","author":"Van Der Sluijs","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.04.005","article-title":"Bluetongue: history, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis","volume":"102","author":"Maclachlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0008","first-page":"83","article-title":"Distribution of bluetongue in The United States of America, 1991-2002","volume":"40","author":"Ostlund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"2026020304052482900_jvim16944-bib-0009","article-title":"Serological and Genetic Characterisation of Putative New Serotypes of Bluetongue Virus and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Isolated From an Alpaca [dissertation thesis]. 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