{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:41:06Z","timestamp":1785577266136,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":704,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During transportation many horses develop post-transportation infection, which can be life-threatening and end their sport career. Preventing mucus accumulation and inflammation during transportation is vital, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to enhance overall horse health welfare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess the impact of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on mucus accumulation and inflammation in horses subjected to 18\u2009hours of head confinement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six healthy crossbred horses, 5.3\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1\u2009years of age and weighing 387\u2009\u00b1\u200930\u2009kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective placebo-controlled cross-over design study. The horses' heads were restrained in their stalls for a period of 18\u2009hours. They were studied under 4 conditions: Not confined (NC): before head confinement, placebo (P), and confined head (CH): 18\u2009hours of head confinement without treatment, and N-Acetylcysteine (NAC): 18\u2009hours of head confinement treated with NAC before confinement (15\u2009mg\/kg\/day NAC PO for 3\u2009days). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in each condition. Mucus accumulation along the trachea was evaluated by endoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endoscopic scores were significantly different between CH and other conditions, whereas no significant differences were found among NC, P, and NAC. The BAL cell count (34\u2009291\u2009\u00b1\u20092624 cells\/\u03bcL), neutrophil and lymphocyte count (18\u2009601\u2009\u00b1\u20093193 cells\/\u03bcL and 3337.4\u2009\u00b1\u2009593 cells\/\u03bcL, respectively) in CH were significantly higher compared to NAC. Neutrophil percentage was significantly higher in CH (53.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098%) compared to horses that received NAC (20.08\u2009\u00b1\u20098%). Conversely, in comparison to NAC (66.33\u2009\u00b1\u20099%), the percentage of macrophages was significantly lower in CH (35.7\u2009\u00b1\u200910%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>N-acetylcysteine was found to significantly decrease mucus accumulation and inflammatory cell counts in horses with head confinement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T13:13:14Z","timestamp":1705583594000},"page":"1224-1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in decreasing airway inflammation and mucus accumulation in horses with 18\u2009hours of head confinement"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8293-0388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Tavanaeimanesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Department of Internal Medicine, , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Alinia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Department of Internal Medicine, , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirous","family":"Sadeghian Chaleshtori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Department of Internal Medicine, , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4785-1702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Moosavian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran Department of Clinical Pathology, , Tehran,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab","family":"Mohebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah,","place":["Iran"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Daneshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Dakota State University Department of Animal Science, , Fargo, North 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