{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:28:44Z","timestamp":1789180124694,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":704,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006515","name":"El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen Tutkimuksen Tukis\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Finnish Canine Health Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008015","name":"Agria Djurf\u00f6rs\u00e4kring\/Svenska Kennelklubben Forskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2020-0021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2020-0021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007404","name":"Suomen El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006515","name":"El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen Tutkimuksen Tukis\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006515","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008015","name":"Agria Djurf\u00f6rs\u00e4kring","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N2020\u20100021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N2020\u20100021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007404","name":"Suomen El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brachycephalic dogs display sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The risk factors for SDB remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify risk factors for SDB. We hypothesized that brachycephaly, increasing severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS), excess weight, and aging predispose to SDB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-three privately owned pet dogs were prospectively recruited: 28 brachycephalic and 35 normocephalic (mesaticephalic or dolicocephalic) dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective observational cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. Recording with the neckband was done over 1 night at each dog's home. The primary outcome measure was the obstructive respiratory event index (OREI). Body condition score (BCS) was assessed, and BOAS severity was graded for brachycephalic dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brachycephaly was a significant risk factor for high OREI value (ratio of the geometric means 5.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.2-9.9; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) but aging was not (1.1, 95% CI 1.0-1.2; P\u2009=\u2009.2). Excess weight, defined as a BCS of over 5\/9, (3.5, 95% CI 1.8-6.7; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) was a significant risk factor. In brachycephalic dogs, BOAS-positive class (moderate or severe BOAS signs) was a significant risk factor (2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.6; P\u2009=\u2009.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brachycephaly decreases welfare in a multitude of ways, including disrupting sleep. Brachycephaly, increasing severity of BOAS and excess weight are risk factors for obstructive SDB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T07:40:49Z","timestamp":1707982849000},"page":"1135-1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of risk factors for sleep-disordered breathing in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9989-8679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iida","family":"Niinikoski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari-Leena","family":"Himanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University , Tampere,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, , Tampere,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0202-8392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirja","family":"Tenhunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, , Tampere,","place":["Finland"]},{"name":"Tampere University Hospital, Wellbeing Services County of Pirkanmaa Department of Medical Physics, , Tampere,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5162-8146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mimma","family":"Aromaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liisa","family":"Lilja-Maula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna M.","family":"Rajam\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1987.63.4.1344","article-title":"The English Bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"63","author":"Hendricks","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/144.5.1112","article-title":"Phasic respiratory muscle patterns and sleep-disordered breathing during rapid eye movement sleep in the English Bulldog","volume":"144","author":"Hendricks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13148","article-title":"Sleep-disordered breathing in the Cavalier King Charles spaniel: a case series","volume":"48","author":"Hinchliffe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16783","article-title":"Description of a novel method for detection of sleep-disordered breathing in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"37","author":"Niinikoski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0005","article-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders","author":"Medicine","year":"2014","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.09.009","article-title":"Description of original endoscopic findings and respiratory functional assessment using barometric whole-body plethysmography in dogs suffering from brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome","volume":"183","author":"Bernaerts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1381822","article-title":"Brachycephalic syndrome \u2013 new information on an old congenital disease","volume":"20","author":"Oechtering","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Focus"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.009","article-title":"How does severe brachycephaly affect dog's lives? Results of a structured preoperative owner questionnaire","volume":"198","author":"Roedler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0009","article-title":"Characterisation of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in French Bulldogs using whole-body barometric plethysmography","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008102","article-title":"An ADAMTS3 missense variant is associated with Norwich Terrier upper airway syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Marchant","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000561","article-title":"Comparative investigations on the upper respiratory tract in Norwich terriers, brachycephalic and mesaticephalic dogs","volume":"156","author":"Koch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12206","article-title":"Upper airway obstruction in Norwich Terriers: 16 cases","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.28.3.287","article-title":"Assessment of welfare and brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome signs in young, breeding age French Bulldogs and Pugs, using owner questionnaire, physical examination and walk tests","volume":"28","author":"Aromaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219918","article-title":"Great expectations, inconvenient truths, and the paradoxes of the dog-owner relationship for owners of brachycephalic dogs","volume":"14","author":"Packer","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.01.017","article-title":"How does multilevel upper airway surgery influence the lives of dogs with severe brachycephaly? Results of a structured pre- and postoperative owner questionnaire","volume":"210","author":"Pohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703018","article-title":"Neck and total body fat deposition in nonobese and obese patients with sleep apnea compared with that in control subjects","volume":"157","author":"Mortimore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200208-866OC","article-title":"Identification of upper airway anatomic risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"168","author":"Schwab","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12485","article-title":"Facial phenotype in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Agha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.01.007","article-title":"Craniofacial and upper airway morphology in adult obstructive sleep apnea patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cephalometric studies","volume":"31","author":"Neelapu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201903-0692OC","article-title":"Effect of weight loss on upper airway anatomy and the apnea-hypopnea index. The importance of tongue fat","volume":"201","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.23.3015","article-title":"Longitudinal study of moderate weight change and sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"23","author":"Peppard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12824","article-title":"Weight loss and lifestyle interventions for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Carneiro-Barrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12770","article-title":"Prevalence and association analysis of obstructive sleep apnea with gender and age differences \u2013 results of SHIP-trend","volume":"28","author":"Fietze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2016.07.002","article-title":"Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: a systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Senaratna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.10.005","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the Sao Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study","volume":"11","author":"Tufik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.3.1055","article-title":"Upper airway muscle activity in normal women: influence of hormonal status","volume":"84","author":"Popovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2018.04.016","article-title":"Impact of sex and menopausal status on the prevalence, clinical presentation, and comorbidities of sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"51","author":"Heinzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.7120\/096272812X13345905673809","article-title":"Do dog owners perceive the clinical signs related to conformational inherited disorders as \u2018normal\u2019 for the breed? A potential constraint to improving canine welfare","volume":"21","author":"Packer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.15-0903","article-title":"STOP-bang questionnaire: a practical approach to screen for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"149","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2016.11.019","article-title":"Comparison of submaximal exercise test results and severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in English Bulldogs","volume":"219","author":"Lilja-Maula","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2172","article-title":"Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199304293281704","article-title":"The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults","volume":"328","author":"Young","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-021-00582-2","article-title":"Overweight in Swedish show dogs\u2013prevalence and association with performance in competition","volume":"63","author":"Lind\u00e5se","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23079","article-title":"International consensus statement on obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.04.004","article-title":"Development of a non-invasive polysomnography technique for dogs (Canis familiaris)","volume":"130","author":"Kis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071172","article-title":"Sleep duration and behaviours: a descriptive analysis of a cohort of dogs up to 12 months of age","volume":"10","author":"Kinsman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2012.01.004","article-title":"Effect of age and feeding schedule on diurnal rest\/activity rhythms in dogs","volume":"7","author":"Zanghi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.772","article-title":"Initial evaluation of nighttime restlessness in a naturally occurring canine model of osteoarthritis pain","volume":"3","author":"Knazovicky","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2022.105661","article-title":"Associations between osteoarthritis and duration and quality of night-time rest in dogs","volume":"253","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Anim Behav Sci"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29181-z","article-title":"Activity patterns are associated with fractional lifespan, memory, and gait speed in aged dogs","volume":"13","author":"Mondino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40048-1","article-title":"Development and validation of a sleep questionnaire, SNoRE 3.0, to evaluate sleep in companion dogs","volume":"13","author":"Mondino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.4.2130","article-title":"Prevalence of positional sleep apnea in patients undergoing polysomnography","volume":"128","author":"Mador","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237276","article-title":"Come for the looks, stay for the personality? A mixed methods investigation of reacquisition and owner recommendation of Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Pugs","volume":"15","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2110","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea in a Chihuahua successfully managed with ondansetron","volume":"7","author":"Kopke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-7190","article-title":"Suspected obstructive sleep apnea successfully treated with ondansetron in a pug","volume":"58","author":"Villedieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13933","article-title":"Whole-body barometric plethysmography characterizes upper airway obstruction in 3 brachycephalic breeds of dogs","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.10.006","article-title":"Mandibular advancement for adult obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Noller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.4.2005136","article-title":"The relationship between craniofacial morphology and obstructive sleep apnea in whites and in African-Americans","volume":"163","author":"Cakiker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0051","article-title":"Do brachycephaly and nose size predict the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)? A sample-based geometric morphometric analysis of craniofacial variation in relation to OSA syndrome and the role of confounding factors","volume":"32","author":"Daboul","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.10.008","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure and sleep-disordered breathing in Arnold-Chiari malformation","volume":"107","author":"Tsara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0053","article-title":"Craniometric analysis of the hindbrain and craniocervical junction of Chihuahua, Affenpinscher and Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs with and without syringomyelia secondary to Chiari-like malformation","volume":"12","author":"Knowler","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2007.00286.x","article-title":"Foramen magnum decompression with cranioplasty for treatment of caudal occipital malformation syndrome in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Dewey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws342","article-title":"Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults","volume":"177","author":"Peppard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0056","article-title":"Impact of facial conformation on canine health: brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Packer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.10.013","article-title":"Effects of obesity on lung function and airway reactivity in healthy dogs","volume":"193","author":"Manens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115751","article-title":"Waking genioglossal electromyogram in sleep apnea patients versus normal controls (a neuromuscular compensatory mechanism)","volume":"89","author":"Mezzanotte","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.00929","article-title":"Upper airway fat tissue distribution in subjects with obstructive sleep apnea and its effect on retropalatal mechanical loads","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-205148","article-title":"Observational study of the effect of obesity on lung volumes","volume":"69","author":"Steier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.03050509","article-title":"The relationship between neck circumference, radiographic pharyngeal anatomy, and the obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Davies","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur Respir Soc"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2015.02.210","article-title":"Effect of parapharyngeal fat on dynamic obstruction of upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea patients","volume":"16","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13302","article-title":"The impact of tongue dimension on air volume in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"49","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030662","article-title":"Tongue and upper airway dimensions: a comparative study between three popular brachycephalic breeds","volume":"11","author":"Siedenburg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13221","article-title":"CT volumetric analysis permits comparison of tongue size and tongue fat in different canine brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds","volume":"64","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.4.1746","article-title":"Pharyngeal myopathy of loaded upper airway in with sleep apnea","volume":"76","author":"Petrof","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12963","article-title":"Weight loss improves arterial blood gases and respiratory parameters in obese dogs","volume":"102","author":"Pereira-Neto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.9.1048","article-title":"Brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome in dogs: 90 cases (1991-2008)","volume":"237","author":"Fasanella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.30.4.007","article-title":"A follow-up study of exercise test results and severity of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome signs in brachycephalic dogs","volume":"30","author":"Aromaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal Welfare"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-011-0607-9","article-title":"Influence of gender and anthropometric measures on severity of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"16","author":"Subramanian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"key":"2026020304074765400_jvim17019-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13159","article-title":"Validation of exercise testing and laryngeal auscultation for grading brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in pugs, French bulldogs, and English bulldogs by using whole-body barometric plethysmography","volume":"48","author":"Riggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/38\/2\/1135\/66665051\/jvim17019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/38\/2\/1135\/66665051\/jvim17019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:08:10Z","timestamp":1770109690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/38\/2\/1135\/8448880"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.17019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}