{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T10:16:17Z","timestamp":1781345777325,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":643,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016749","name":"UC Davis Center for Equine Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016749","name":"UC Davis Center for Equine Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\u201010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\u201010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy\/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD\/EDM) is a neurodegenerative disease that primarily affects young, genetically predisposed horses that are deficient in vitamin E. Equine NAD\/EDM has not previously been documented in Gypsy Vanner horses (GVs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate: (1) the clinical phenotype, blood vitamin E concentrations before and after supplementation and pedigree in a cohort of GV horses with a high prevalence of neurologic disease suspicious for eNAD\/EDM and (2) to confirm eNAD\/EDM in GVs through postmortem evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-six GVs from 1 farm in California and 2 cases from the Midwestern U.S.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective observational study on Californian horses; all 26 GVs underwent neurologic examination. Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was assessed in 17- GVs. Twenty-three were supplemented orally with 10\u2009IU\/kg of liquid RRR-alpha-tocopherol once daily for 28\u2009days. Vitamin E concentration was measured in 23 GVs after supplementation, of which 15 (65%) had pre-supplementation measurements. Two clinically affected GVs from California and the 2 Midwestern cases had necropsy confirmation of eNAD\/EDM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-supplementation blood vitamin E concentration was \u22642.0\u2009\u03bcg\/mL in 16\/17 (94%) of GVs from California. Post-supplementation concentration varied, with a median of 3.39\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (range, 1.23-13.87\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), but only 12\/23 (52%) were normal (\u22653.0\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). Normalization of vitamin E was significantly associated with increasing age (P\u2009=\u2009.02). Euthanized horses (n\u2009=\u20094) had eNAD\/EDM confirmed at necropsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GVs could have a genetic predisposition to eNAD\/EDM. Vitamin E supplementation should be considered and monitored in young GVs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,13]],"date-time":"2024-04-13T06:54:55Z","timestamp":1712991295000},"page":"1792-1798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy\/degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Gypsy Vanner horses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Powers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Medical Sciences, , Madison, Wisconsin 53706,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon F.","family":"Peek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Medical Sciences, , Madison, Wisconsin 53706,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, 2150 Georgetown Road , Lexington, Kentucky 40511,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1503-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Callum G.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Population Health and Reproduction, , Davis, California 95616,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Tinkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Pathobiological Sciences, , Madison, Wisconsin 53706,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Woolard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Pathology, , Davis, California 95616,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5924-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie J.","family":"Finno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Department of Population Health and Reproduction, , Davis, California 95616,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.6.823","article-title":"Evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, and pathological features of neuroaxonal dystrophy in Quarter Horses","volume":"239","author":"Aleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0002","first-page":"45","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy: a vitamin E deficiency that may be familial","volume":"1","author":"Mayhew","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0003","first-page":"43","article-title":"Neuroaxonal dystrophy in a two-year-old quarter horse filly","volume":"37","author":"Adams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13618","article-title":"Blood and cerebrospinal fluid \u03b1-tocopherol and selenium concentrations in neonatal foals with neuroaxonal dystrophy","volume":"29","author":"Finno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13977","article-title":"Concurrent equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease in three young horses","volume":"30","author":"Finno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.00817.x","article-title":"Equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in Lusitano horses","volume":"25","author":"Finno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12015","article-title":"Pedigree analysis and exclusion of alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (TTPA) as a candidate gene for neuroaxonal dystrophy in the American Quarter Horse","volume":"27","author":"Finno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.01.109","article-title":"Genetic studies of neuraxonal dystrophy in the Morgan","volume":"48","author":"Beech","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16233","article-title":"Increased \u03b1-tocopherol metabolism in horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy","volume":"35","author":"Hales","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12692","article-title":"Effects of feeding two RRR-\u03b1-tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle \u03b1-tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0011","first-page":"114","article-title":"Neuroaxonal dystrophy associated with vitamin E deficiency in two Haflinger horses","volume":"103","author":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.06.1005","article-title":"Clinical, viral, and genetic evaluation of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy in a family of Appaloosas","volume":"198","author":"Blythe","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(02)00302-7","article-title":"Abnormal synaptic protein expression in two Arabian horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"166","author":"Sis\u00f3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.183.11.1266","article-title":"Myelopathy and vitamin E deficiency in six Mongolian wild horses","volume":"183","author":"Liu","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587401100108","article-title":"Spinal ataxia in zebras. Comparison with the wobbler syndrome of horses","volume":"11","author":"Montali","year":"1974","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1989.tb01355.x","article-title":"The neurological evaluation of horses","volume":"1","author":"Lunn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Equine Vet Educ"},{"key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0017","article-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815598787","article-title":"Evidence of the primary afferent tracts undergoing neurodegeneration in horses with equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy based on calretinin immunohistochemical localization","volume":"54","author":"Finno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.01.166","article-title":"Serum vitamin E and blood glutathione peroxidase values of horses with degenerative myeloencephalopathy","volume":"50","author":"Dill","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.258.12.1386","article-title":"Postmortem diagnoses of spinal ataxia in 316 horses in California","volume":"258","author":"Hales","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020305115384000_jvim17062-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16969","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological features in horses with neuroaxonal degeneration: 100 cases (2017-2021)","volume":"38","author":"Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/38\/3\/1792\/66721410\/jvim17062.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/38\/3\/1792\/66721410\/jvim17062.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T10:12:02Z","timestamp":1770113522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/38\/3\/1792\/8456100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.17062","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}