{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T06:24:25Z","timestamp":1781677465109,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":643,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sinus node dysfunction because of abnormal impulse generation or sinoatrial conduction block causes bradycardia that can be difficult to differentiate from high parasympathetic\/low sympathetic modulation (HP\/LSM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beat-to-beat relationships of sinus node dysfunction are quantifiably distinguishable by Poincar\u00e9 plots, machine learning, and 3-dimensional density grid analysis. Moreover, computer modeling establishes sinoatrial conduction block as a mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three groups of dogs were studied with a diagnosis of: (1) balanced autonomic modulation (n\u2009=\u200926), (2) HP\/LSM (n\u2009=\u200926), and (3) sinus node dysfunction (n\u2009=\u200921).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart rate parameters and Poincar\u00e9 plot data were determined [median (25%-75%)]. Recordings were randomly assigned to training or testing. Supervised machine learning of the training data was evaluated with the testing data. The computer model included impulse rate, exit block probability, and HP\/LSM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Confusion matrices illustrated the effectiveness in diagnosing by both machine learning and Poincar\u00e9 density grid. Sinus pauses &amp;gt;2\u2009s differentiated (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001) HP\/LSM (2340; 583-3947\u2009s) from sinus node dysfunction (8503; 7078-10\u2009050\u2009s), but average heart rate did not. The shortest linear intervals were longer with sinus node dysfunction (315; 278-323\u2009ms) vs HP\/LSM (260; 251-292\u2009ms; P\u2009=\u2009.008), but the longest linear intervals were shorter with sinus node dysfunction (620; 565-698\u2009ms) vs HP\/LSM (843; 799-888\u2009ms; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Number and duration of pauses, not heart rate, differentiated sinus node dysfunction from HP\/LSM. Machine learning and Poincar\u00e9 density grid can accurately identify sinus node dysfunction. Computer modeling supports sinoatrial conduction block as a mechanism of sinus node dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T07:56:00Z","timestamp":1714377360000},"page":"1305-1324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Use of machine learning and Poincar\u00e9 density grid in the diagnosis of sinus node dysfunction caused by sinoatrial conduction block in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Wyatt Hutson","family":"Flanders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-8602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N. 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