{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:06:43Z","timestamp":1792274803004,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":582,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Management of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs and cats is evolving, but there are no evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians with treatment decisions. Likewise, the overall goals for treatment of ITP have not been established. Immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids are the first line treatment, but optimal treatment regimens beyond glucocorticoids remain uncertain. Additional options include secondary immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, modified cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil, usually selected based on clinician preference. Vincristine, human IV immunoglobulin (hIVIg), and transfusion of platelet or red blood cell\u2013containing products are often used in more severe cases. Splenectomy and thrombopoietin receptor agonists are usually reserved for refractory cases, but when and in which patient these modalities should be employed is under debate. To develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized treatment of ITP patients, we asked 20 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) format questions. These were addressed by 17 evidence evaluators using a literature pool of 288 articles identified by a structured search strategy. Evidence evaluators, using panel-designed templates and data extraction tools, summarized evidence and created guideline recommendations. These were integrated by treatment domain chairs and then refined by iterative Delphi survey review to reach consensus on the final guidelines. In addition, 19 non-PICO questions covering scenarios in which evidence was lacking or of low quality were answered by expert opinion using iterative Delphi surveys with panelist integration and refinement. Commentary was solicited from multiple relevant professional organizations before finalizing the consensus. The rigorous consensus process identified few comparative treatment studies, highlighting many areas of ITP treatment requiring additional studies. This statement is a companion manuscript to the ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T06:15:20Z","timestamp":1716444920000},"page":"1982-2007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-5640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana N.","family":"LeVine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Auburn, Alabama,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-6987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Goggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin , Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Mackin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Mississippi State, Mississippi,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2464-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linda Kidd Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting , Carlsbad, California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4133-9487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver A.","family":"Garden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5489-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjory B.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin R. 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