{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T17:49:46Z","timestamp":1785001786647,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":520,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reliable ECGs are crucial for diagnosing arrhythmias, yet a lack of standardization impedes arrhythmia diagnosis and treatment in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To objectively determine an optimal position of Einthoven's triangle for ECG recordings in horses at rest, which can form the basis for standardized ECG recording and improve diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study involved 72 healthy, warmblood horses aged between 3 and 20\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In view of future 12-lead studies and vectorcardiography, requiring an orthogonal system, Einthoven's triangle was positioned around the heart, in the transverse plane. Therefore, 11 electrodes were placed encircling the thorax behind the olecranon, to construct triangles with a horizontal base. Electrocardiogram recordings from different triangles were analyzed. Signal processing involved filtering, R peak detection, and median complex generation. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Euclidean distance measures were employed for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The left mid-thoracic and ventral regions had high PCA scores, indicating high information content. Base-down triangles exhibited higher summed Euclidean distances, contributing to enhanced diagnostic capabilities. A base-down triangle, called \u201cDelta (\u0394) configuration\u201d emerged as most informative, while meeting all criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The base-down \u201cDelta configuration\u201d is the optimal Einthoven's triangle adapted for horses, providing large amplitudes and potential to provide basic insights into the mechanisms and origins of cardiac arrhythmias. Because the Delta configuration is positioned in the transverse plane, it forms the ideal basis for 12-lead ECG recordings that provide vectorcardiograms in an orthogonal coordinate system. Standardizing electrode positioning could improve ECG data comparability in equine cardiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T06:40:32Z","timestamp":1724827232000},"page":"2698-2706","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Einthoven's triangle adapted for horses: Proposal for the Delta configuration"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4012-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Paulussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0165-5215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn","family":"Van Steenkiste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben J. M.","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center Department of Cardiology, , Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8129-2006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies","family":"Decloedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5191-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunther","family":"van Loon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Equine Cardioteam Ghent, Department of Internal Medicine, , Merelbeke,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammo","family":"Delhaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Department of Biomedical Engineering, , Maastricht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(34)90093-4","article-title":"Electrocardiograms that represent the potential variations of a single electrode","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"1934","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0002","first-page":"701","article-title":"Anatomical and physiologic basis for interpretation of the electrocardiogram","volume":"21","author":"Hamlin","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0003","first-page":"331","article-title":"Electrocardiography in horses\u2014part 1: how to make a good recording","volume":"79","author":"Verheyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"VDT"},{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb49403.x","article-title":"Categorization of common domestic mammals based upon their ventricular activation process","volume":"127","author":"Hamlin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0005","first-page":"107","article-title":"ECG uit het hoofd","author":"Andries","year":"2016","edition":"6th ed."},{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1977.tb01754.x","article-title":"Equine electrocardiography: the genesis of the different configurations of the \u201cQRS\u201d complex","volume":"24","author":"Muylle","year":"1977","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterin\u00e4rmed A"},{"key":"2026020505513154200_jvim17179-bib-0007","first-page":"150","article-title":"Studies into equine electrocardiography and vectorcardiography IV. 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