{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:17:56Z","timestamp":1787505476562,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":459,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015226","name":"Royal Veterinary College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015226","name":"Royal Veterinary College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited current information exists regarding discospondylitis within breeds commonly affected by congenital vertebral body malformations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Report the prevalence of discospondylitis in English and French bulldogs and investigate for possible associations of discospondylitis with congenital vertebral body malformations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>108 client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective multi-institutional study between June 2010 and 2020. Cases with a diagnosis of discospondylitis on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and complete medical records included. Signalment, discospondylitis location, presence of congenital vertebral body malformations, and the site of maximal kyphosis were recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of discospondylitis was 3.4 (1.6-6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]) times higher in French bulldogs (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001) and 4.3 (1.7-9.8, 95% CI) times higher in English bulldogs (&amp;lt;.001), compared with the overall hospital cohort. One or more vertebral malformations were present in 12 French bulldogs (92.3%), 6 English bulldogs (75.0%), and 1 \u201cother\u201d breed dog (1.1%). Discospondylitis was diagnosed adjacent to congenital vertebral body malformations in 12 (80%) intervertebral discs in French bulldogs and 5 (50%) intervertebral discs in English bulldogs. The median age at presentation was significantly younger in French bulldogs (1.1\u2009years; range, 0.5-9.2\u2009years) and English bulldogs (1.0\u2009years; range, 0.4-7.0\u2009years), compared with \u201cother\u201d breed dogs (7.3\u2009years; range, 0.3-14.0\u2009years; both P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Congenital vertebral body malformations were frequently associated with discospondylitis in French and English bulldogs, with clinical signs commonly encountered at a significantly younger age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T05:25:10Z","timestamp":1727933110000},"page":"3138-3143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence of discospondylitis and association with congenital vertebral body malformations in English and French bulldogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8849-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Grapes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery, Davies Veterinary Specialists , Higham Gobion,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Bertram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cave Veterinary Specialists , Wellington,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-9801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool Department of Veterinary Science, , Chesire,","place":["United\u00a0Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"De Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Veterinary College Department of Clinical Science & Services, , Hatfield,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(00)50008-4","article-title":"Diskospondylitis and other vertebral infections","volume":"30","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.008","article-title":"Inflammatory diseases of the spine in small animals","volume":"40","author":"Tipold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00599.x","article-title":"Discospondylitis in a dog after attempted extradural injection","volume":"38","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.12.1383","article-title":"Risk factors for diskospondylitis in dogs after spinal decompression surgery for intervertebral disk herniation","volume":"248","author":"Canal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16785","article-title":"Clinical features, comparative imaging findings, treatment, and outcome in dogs with discospondylitis: a multi-institutional retrospective study","volume":"37","author":"Van Hoof","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.136.2.38","article-title":"Multiple discospondylitis associated with Aspergillus species infection in a dog","volume":"136","author":"Butterworth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6083","article-title":"Disseminated protothecosis associated with diskospondylitis in a dog","volume":"50","author":"Manino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12178","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of the fungus Spiromastix asexualis sp. nov. from discospondylitis in a German shepherd dog, and review of Spiromastix with the proposal of the new order Spiromastixales (Ascomycota)","volume":"57","author":"Rizzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01756.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging features of discospondylitis in dogs","volume":"52","author":"Carrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01467.x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance, computed tomographic and radiologic findings in a dog with discospondylitis","volume":"41","author":"Gonzalo-Orden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16551","article-title":"Computed tomography features of discospondylitis in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Gomes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.268","article-title":"Signalment and clinical features of diskospondylitis in dogs: 513 cases (1980-2001)","volume":"227","author":"Burkert","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.018","article-title":"Prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French bulldogs, pugs and English bulldogs with and without associated neurological deficits","volume":"221","author":"Ryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104388","article-title":"Evaluation of radiography as a screening method for detection and characterisation of congenital vertebral malformations in dogs","volume":"182","author":"Brocal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00876.x","article-title":"Thoracic kyphosis associated with hemivertebra","volume":"40","author":"Moissonnier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0016","article-title":"Computer-assisted radiographic calculation of spinal curvature in brachycephalic \"screw-tailed\" dog breeds with congenital thoracic vertebral malformations: reliability and clinical evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Guevar","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.09.008","article-title":"Presence of thoracic and lumbar vertebral malformations in pugs with and without chronic neurological deficits","volume":"241","author":"Rohdin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.044","article-title":"Heritability of hemivertebrae in the French bulldog using an animal threshold model","volume":"207","author":"Schlensker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0019","article-title":"Whole genome variant association across 100 dogs identifies a frame shift mutation in DISHEVELLED 2 which contributes to Robinow-like syndrome in bulldogs and related screw tail dog breeds","volume":"14","author":"Mansour","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0020","article-title":"Epidemiological study of congenital malformations of the vertebral column in French bulldogs, English bulldogs and pugs","volume":"190","author":"Lackmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13094","article-title":"The presence, morphology and clinical significance of vertebral body malformations in an Australian population of French bulldogs and pugs","volume":"99","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15556","article-title":"Comparison of signalment and computed tomography findings in French bulldogs, pugs, and English bulldogs with and without clinical signs associated with thoracic hemivertebra","volume":"33","author":"De Decker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1316-9","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of kyphosis and scoliosis on intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs","volume":"14","author":"Inglez de Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.12.008","article-title":"Gait analysis in French bulldogs with and without vertebral kyphosis","volume":"244","author":"Wyatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12102.x","article-title":"A comparison of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion in French bulldogs and dachshunds and association with congenital vertebral anomalies","volume":"43","author":"Aikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.03.027","article-title":"The effect of kyphoscoliosis on intervertebral disc degeneration in dogs","volume":"200","author":"Faller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.230.4.532","article-title":"Imaging findings and surgical treatment of hemivertebrae in three dogs","volume":"230","author":"Jeffery","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0028","first-page":"367","article-title":"Transthoracic vertebral distraction and stabilization in 10 dogs with congenital thoracic vertebral malformations","volume":"34","author":"Farr\u00e9 Marin\u00e9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12172","article-title":"A proposed radiographic classification scheme for congenital thoracic vertebral malformations in brachycephalic \"screw-tailed\" dog breeds","volume":"55","author":"Gutierrez-Quintana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.009","article-title":"Congenital spinal malformations in small animals","volume":"40","author":"Westworth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13067","article-title":"Vertebral vascular canal dysplasia in French and English bulldogs: clinical, CT, and MRI characteristics and prevalence","volume":"63","author":"Santifort","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9369853","article-title":"Relationship between endplate defects, Modic change, disc degeneration, and facet joint degeneration in patients with low Back pain","volume":"2019","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i1.17","article-title":"Endplate role in the degenerative disc disease: a brief review","volume":"11","author":"Velnar","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026020304132558100_jvim17209-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.189","article-title":"Relationship between breed, hemivertebra subtype, and kyphosis in apparently neurologically normal French bulldogs, English bulldogs, and pugs","volume":"80","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/38\/6\/3138\/66662207\/jvim17209.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/38\/6\/3138\/66662207\/jvim17209.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:13:59Z","timestamp":1770110039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/38\/6\/3138\/8448513"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.17209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}