{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T13:31:59Z","timestamp":1791639119961,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":398,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knowledge about primary hypoadrenocorticism coexisting with immune-mediated thyroiditis (Schmidt's syndrome) in dogs is limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate thyroid function in dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism before and during treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-six client-owned dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Measurement of canine thyroid stimulating hormone (cTSH), total thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine, and autoantibodies against thyroglobulin, T4, and total triiodothyronine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight dogs were assessed before and 28 during treatment. Follow-up data were available for 24\/38 and 17\/28 dogs, with median follow-up duration of 3.8\u2009years (range, &amp;lt;1.0-8.8\u2009years) and 4\u2009years (range, 1.1\u2009weeks to 10.5\u2009years), respectively. Canine thyroid stimulating hormone was above the reference range at the time of diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in 10 of 38 dogs but decreased into the reference range in 7 for which follow-up data was available. Hypothyroidism was confirmed in 5 dogs at a median age of 11\u2009years (range, 7-15\u2009years). In 4 dogs, the condition was diagnosed after a median treatment duration of 5.75\u2009years (range, 2.6-10\u2009years), while in 1 dog, the diagnosis was made concurrently. One dog had detectable thyroid autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypothyroidism occurs as a rare concurrent condition in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism, potentially at any phase of treatment. Close monitoring of cTSH levels in these dogs could be beneficial, as early changes might indicate the onset of hypothyroidism. The low prevalence of detectable thyroid autoantibodies suggests that nonimmune mechanisms might contribute to thyroid dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T12:39:02Z","timestamp":1731415142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Longitudinal assessment of thyroid function in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism: Clinical outcomes and prevalence of autoantibodies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8256-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadja S.","family":"Sieber-Ruckstuhl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Riond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3121-2199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Fracassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, , Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kuemmerle-Fraune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sol\u00e8ne","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9750-4296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regina","family":"Hofmann-Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia E.","family":"Reusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Hofer-Inteeworn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6793-8464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicitas S.","family":"Boretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Zurich,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143458","article-title":"Autoantibodies against cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme in dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) affected with Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease)","volume":"10","author":"Boag","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713301","article-title":"Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes","volume":"378","author":"Husebye","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0003","first-page":"e1","article-title":"Prevalence and relative risk of other autoimmune diseases in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"123","author":"Boelaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1368","article-title":"Clinical, immunological, and genetic features of autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency: observations from a Norwegian registry","volume":"94","author":"Erichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939409007998","article-title":"High prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in idiopathic Addison's disease","volume":"18","author":"Kasperlik-Zaluska","year":"1994","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2183-0654","article-title":"Polyendokrine Syndrome beim Hund [Polyendocrine syndromes in dogs]","volume":"51","author":"Strey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.90","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a standard poodle with concurrent non-endocrine immune-mediated diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kuijlaars","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet Rec Case Rep"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12535","article-title":"Polyglandular endocrinopathy type II (Schmidt's syndrome) in a Dobermann pinscher","volume":"57","author":"Cartwright","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6225","article-title":"Cardiogenic pulmonary edema in a dog following initiation of therapy for concurrent hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism","volume":"52","author":"Paik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0010","first-page":"355","article-title":"Combined atypical primary hypoadrenocorticism and primary hypothyroidism in a dog","volume":"85","author":"Vanmal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5820","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid before glucocorticoid deficiency in a dog with primary hypoadrenocorticism and hypothyroidism","volume":"49","author":"McGonigle","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.238.12.1616","article-title":"Multiple endocrine diseases in dogs: 35 cases (1996-2009)","volume":"238","author":"Blois","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810382520","article-title":"Lymphocytic adenohypophysitis and adrenalitis in a dog with adrenal and thyroid atrophy","volume":"47","author":"Adissu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Pathol"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.17221\/1998-VETMED","article-title":"Schmidt's syndrome in a dog: a case report","volume":"52","author":"Pikula","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1995.9694533","article-title":"Polyglandular deficiency syndrome in a boxer dog: thyroid hormone and glucocorticoid deficiency","volume":"17","author":"Kooistra","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.208.01.85","article-title":"Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism: 225 cases (1979-1993)","volume":"208","author":"Peterson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15475","article-title":"Evaluation of a low-dose desoxycorticosterone pivalate treatment protocol for long-term management of dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism","volume":"33","author":"Sieber-Ruckstuhl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0018","first-page":"259","article-title":"Comparison of serum-free thyroxine concentrations determined by standard equilibrium dialysis, modified equilibrium dialysis, and 5 radioimmunoassays in dogs","volume":"18","author":"Schachter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.08.951","article-title":"Prevalence of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin in dogs with nonthyroidal illness","volume":"59","author":"Nachreiner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.466","article-title":"Prevalence of serum thyroid hormone autoantibodies in dogs with clinical signs of hypothyroidism","volume":"220","author":"Nachreiner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14840","article-title":"Altered serum thyrotropin concentrations in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism before and during treatment","volume":"31","author":"Reusch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.05.002","article-title":"Etiopathologic findings of canine hypothyroidism","volume":"37","author":"Graham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.53.04.449","article-title":"Prevalence of autoantibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroxine, or triiodothyronine and relationship of autoantibodies and serum concentrations of iodothyronines in dogs","volume":"53","author":"Thacker","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2007.05.015","article-title":"Testing for hypothyroidism in dogs","volume":"37","author":"Ferguson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.05.761","article-title":"Hypothyroidism in dogs: 66 cases (1997-1992)","volume":"204","author":"Panciera","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.17.481","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical, haematological and biochemical characteristics of canine hypothyroidism","volume":"23","author":"Dixon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281.145.4.149","article-title":"Klinische, h\u00e4matologische, biochemische und endokrinologische Aspekte bei 32 Hunden mit Hypothyreose [Clinical, hematological, biochemical and endocrinological aspects of 32 dogs with hypothyroidism]","volume":"145","author":"Boretti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-46-5-784","article-title":"An increase of plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine after administration of dexamethasone to hypothyroid patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis","volume":"46","author":"Yamada","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030158","article-title":"Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes","volume":"350","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2022-0050","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of polyglandular autoimmune syndromes in pediatric age: an observational study","volume":"35","author":"Bou\u00e7a","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13285","article-title":"Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: frequency, clinical approaches and risk factors","volume":"62","author":"Schofield","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12649","article-title":"A retrospective study of dogs with atypical hypoadrenocorticism: a diagnostic cut-off or continuum?","volume":"58","author":"Wakayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102107","article-title":"Serial changes in the concentrations of cortisol and thyroid hormones in beagle dogs infected with Babesia rossi","volume":"14","author":"van Zyl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.10.1534","article-title":"Serum cortisol and thyroxine concentrations as predictors of death in critically ill puppies with parvoviral diarrhea","volume":"231","author":"Schoeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.010","article-title":"Endocrine predictors of mortality in canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis rossi","volume":"148","author":"Schoeman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-50-1-52","article-title":"Significance of thyrotropin excess in untreated primary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"50","author":"Topliss","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199211000-00002","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid function in patients with isolated adrenocorticotropin deficiency","volume":"304","author":"Shigemasa","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2008.03.001","article-title":"Functional and morphological changes in the adenohypophysis of dogs with induced primary hypothyroidism: loss of TSH hypersecretion, hypersomatotropism, hypoprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement with transdifferentiation","volume":"35","author":"Diaz-Espi\u00f1eira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/antib12030048","article-title":"The usefulness of thyroid antibodies in the diagnostic approach to autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"12","author":"Vargas-Uricoechea","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibodies (Basel)"},{"key":"2026020302384148100_jvim17232-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.5.809","article-title":"Detection of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase in serum samples of hypothyroid dogs","volume":"67","author":"Skopek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/1\/jvim17232\/66651721\/jvim17232.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/1\/jvim17232\/66651721\/jvim17232.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:38:55Z","timestamp":1770104335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.17232\/8422584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.17232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim17232"}}