{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:57:02Z","timestamp":1792112222268,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":398,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open access funding provided by the Iowa State University Library."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Azotemia is common in cats with congestive heart failure (CHF) and might be exacerbated by diuretic therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Determine frequency, risk factors, and survival impact of progressive azotemia in cats treated for CHF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred and sixteen client-owned cats with kidney function testing performed at least twice during acute or chronic CHF treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum creatinine (sCr) and electrolyte concentrations were determined at multiple clinical timepoints to detect azotemia and kidney injury (KI; sCr increase \u22650.3\u2009mg\/dL). Furosemide dosage between timepoints was calculated. Multivariable modeling was performed to identify predictors of KI, change in serum biochemistry results, and survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Azotemia was common at all timepoints, including initial CHF diagnosis (44%). Kidney injury was documented in 66% of cats. Use of a furosemide continuous rate infusion was associated with increased risk of KI during hospitalization (odds ratio, 141.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 12.1-6233; P\u2009=\u2009.01). Higher furosemide dosage was associated with increase in sCr during hospitalization (P\u2009=\u2009.03) and at first reevaluation (P\u2009=\u2009.01). Treatment with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor was associated with fewer lifetime KI events (P\u2009=\u2009.02). Age in years was the only variable associated with shorter survival (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.1; P\u2009=\u2009.03). Neither sCr nor KI were associated with long-term outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Azotemia and KI were common in cats during CHF treatment but did not impact survival.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T09:39:28Z","timestamp":1732613968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Frequency and progression of azotemia during acute and chronic treatment of congestive heart failure in cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rogg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, Iowa,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Mochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia SMART Pharmacology, Precision One Health Initiative, Department of Veterinary Pathology, , Athens, Georgia,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0741-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debosmita","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University Department of Statistics, , Ames, Iowa,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-4903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Tropf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, Iowa,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison K.","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Saint Paul, Minnesota,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0972-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darcy B.","family":"Adin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, , Gainesville, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9153-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, , Ames, Iowa,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15122","article-title":"International collaborative study to assess cardiovascular risk and evaluate long-term health in cats with preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and apparently healthy cats: the REVEAL study","volume":"32","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12215","article-title":"Prognostic indicators in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"27","author":"Payne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0003","first-page":"643","volume-title":"Plumb's Veterinary Drug Handbook","author":"Plumb","year":"2015","edition":"8th ed."},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1057","article-title":"The effects of the loop diuretics furosemide and torasemide on diuresis in dogs and cats","volume":"65","author":"Uechi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15808","article-title":"Acute on chronic kidney disease in cats: etiology, clinical and clinicopathologic findings, prognostic markers, and outcome","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13511446","article-title":"The prevalence and classification of chronic kidney disease in cats randomly selected within four age groups and in cats recruited for degenerative joint disease studies","volume":"16","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12387","article-title":"Cardiovascular-renal axis disorders in the domestic dog and cat: a veterinary consensus statement","volume":"56","author":"Pouchelon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2017.05.004","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Orvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.07.001","article-title":"Constant rate infusion vs. intermittent bolus administration of IV furosemide in 100 pets with acute left-sided congestive heart failure: a retrospective study","volume":"238","author":"Ohad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00524.x","article-title":"Evaluation of acute congestive heart failure in dogs and cats: 145 cases (2007-2008)","volume":"20","author":"Goutal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16571","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of risk factors for development of kidney injury after parenteral furosemide treatment of left-sided congestive heart failure in dogs","volume":"36","author":"Giorgi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15745","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the classification, diagnosis, and management of cardiomyopathies in cats","volume":"34","author":"Luis Fuentes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18805879","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of furosemide after intravenous, oral and transdermal administration to cats","volume":"21","author":"Sleeper","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Feline Med Surg"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16500","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats","volume":"36","author":"Roche-Catholy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02554-6","article-title":"Tolerance of torasemide in cats with congestive heart failure: a retrospective study on 21 cases (2016-2019)","volume":"16","author":"Poissonnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2008.09.002","article-title":"Azotemia in cats with feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence and relationships with echocardiographic variables","volume":"10","author":"Gouni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht386","article-title":"Renal impairment, worsening renal function, and outcome in patients with heart failure: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Damman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2459\/JCM.0000000000000546","article-title":"The paradox of transient worsening renal function in patients with acute heart failure: the role of B-type natriuretic peptide and diuretic response","volume":"18","author":"Ruocco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.12.005","article-title":"Renal compression in heart failure: the renal tamponade hypothesis","volume":"10","author":"Boorsma","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Hear Fail"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0163.x","article-title":"Survival in cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (2000-2002)","volume":"22","author":"Boyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02892.x","article-title":"Survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic renal failure is related to severity of proteinuria","volume":"20","author":"Syme","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6957.780","article-title":"Some examples of regression towards the mean","volume":"309","author":"Bland","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0023","first-page":"117","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of quality of life, clinical, radiographic, echocardiographic, and laboratory variables in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease receiving pimobendan or benazepril: the QUEST study","volume":"59","author":"H\u00e4ggstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.2002.00427.x","article-title":"Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of benazepril in cats","volume":"25","author":"King","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.69.1015","article-title":"Effects of benazepril hydrochloride in cats with experimentally induced or spontaneously occurring chronic renal failure","volume":"69","author":"Watanabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16401","article-title":"Circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in cats with systemic hypertension or cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Ward","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15454","article-title":"The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression","volume":"33","author":"Ames","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15572","article-title":"Evaluation of benazepril in cats with heart disease in a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16187","article-title":"Clinical relevance of serum electrolytes in dogs and cats with acute heart failure: a retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Roche-Catholy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2005.12.001","article-title":"The effect of heart disease, heart failure and diuresis on selected laboratory and electrocardiographic parameters in dogs","volume":"8","author":"Boswood","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2003.tb02493.x","article-title":"Intermittent bolus injection versus continuous infusion of furosemide in normal adult greyhound dogs","volume":"17","author":"Adin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm046","article-title":"Hyponatraemia in heart failure: a call for redefinition","volume":"28","author":"Ghali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026020302390339400_jvim17254-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.06.007","article-title":"Prognostic role of serum chloride levels in acute decompensated heart failure","volume":"66","author":"Grodin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/1\/jvim17254\/66652112\/jvim17254.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/1\/jvim17254\/66652112\/jvim17254.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:39:16Z","timestamp":1770104356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.17254\/8422606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.17254","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-05-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim17254"}}