{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:41:47Z","timestamp":1791920507438,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":398,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-ictal (PI) clinical signs are a key defining stage of seizure manifestation in dogs. However, this phase remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To further characterize PI signs and their relation to other parts of a seizure, and understand the owner's perception of how PI signs affect the quality of life (QOL) of the dog.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight-seven dogs with a diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy from a single institution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prospective questionnaire-based study surveying owners of dogs previously and newly diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-ictal signs were identified in 79\/87 dogs, 5\/5 of dogs with focal seizures and 74\/82 of dogs with generalized seizures. Median duration of PI signs was 30\u2009minutes (range, 5-4320\u2009minutes). The most common PI signs reported were disorientation (50\/79) and wobbliness or clumsiness (49\/79). Within a year, a change in PI signs was seen in 18\/79 dogs. The administration of benzodiazepines was significantly associated with an increase in duration of PI signs (P\u2009=\u2009.04). Post-ictal signs had more impact on dogs' quality of life compared with ictal signs (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.01). Groupings of co-existing PI signs identified included disorientation, blindness and deafness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-ictal signs are a commonly reported aspect of seizures in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy, both in focal as well as generalized seizures. Co-existence of signs could provide some valuable insight into the relevance of this particular phase of a seizure. Owner-reported signs and documentation emphasize the need for a better understanding of PI signs in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.17302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T06:15:41Z","timestamp":1737353741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization of post-ictal clinical signs in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: A questionnaire-based study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8705-8576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aran","family":"Nagendran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School for Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh , Midlothian,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Nettifee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dani","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen R.","family":"Mu\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x","article-title":"Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE)","volume":"46","author":"Fisher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101133","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for canine epilepsy of unknown origin in the UK","volume":"172","author":"Kearsley-Fleet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15290","article-title":"Seizure occurrence in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK: prevalence and risk factors","volume":"32","author":"Erlen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.56.2008.4.5","article-title":"Retrospective clinical comparison of idiopathic versus symptomatic epilepsy in 240 dogs with seizures","volume":"56","author":"P\u00e1kozdy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0462-1","article-title":"International veterinary epilepsy task force consensus proposal: diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs","volume":"11","author":"De Risio","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0460-3","article-title":"International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus reports on epilepsy definition, classification and terminology, affected dog breeds, diagnosis, treatment, outcome measures of therapeutic trials, neuroimaging and neuropathology in companion animals","volume":"11","author":"Volk","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-5050(02)00523-1","article-title":"Clinical presentations of naturally occurring canine seizures: similarities to human seizures","volume":"3","author":"Licht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1999.tb02159.x","article-title":"Epilepsy and seizure classification in 63 dogs: a reappraisal of veterinary epilepsy terminology","volume":"13","author":"Berendt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026020302400965600_jvim17302-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03665.x","article-title":"Idiopathic epilepsy in 125 dogs: a long-term study. 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