{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:55:53Z","timestamp":1790477753766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":339,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sepsis has been defined in humans as the concurrent proven or suspected presence of microbial infection and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Sepsis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal foals. The clinical utility of using SIRS or its individual components to predict infection and mortality in critically ill foals is currently unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess the ability of history and signalment, clinical findings, laboratory results, and SIRS-related indices to predict infection and mortality in critically ill foals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective, multi-center, cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of 1068 critically ill foals &amp;lt;\u20093\u2009days of age admitted to 16 veterinary referral hospitals in 4 countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were retrieved from medical records. Infection was defined as the presence of bacteremia (positive blood culture) or clinical identification of an infected focus on admission. Univariate non-parametric and categorical methods, multivariate logistic regression, and classification tree methods were used for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foal age at admission and presence of toxic neutrophils were independent predictors of infection, whereas SIRS-related indices were not predictive of infection. In-hospital mortality was 24%. Independent predictors for mortality were hypokinetic pulses, cold extremities, presence of seizures, blood L-lactate concentration &amp;gt;\u20096.0\u2009mmol\/L, and increased serum potassium and total bilirubin concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The presence of infection in critically ill newborn foals was not predicted by SIRS indices. Cardiovascular dysfunction was strongly associated with mortality, suggesting that maintaining adequate perfusion and pulse pressure should be important treatment goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T03:39:39Z","timestamp":1742182779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Predictors of Infection and Mortality in 1068 Critically Ill Newborn Foals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Ubana, Illinois,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6216-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan M.","family":"Slovis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagyard Equine Medical Institute , Lexington, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scone Equine Hospital , Scone, New South Wales,","place":["United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie S.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital , Lexington, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catriona","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rossdales Equine Hospital , Newmarket,","place":["United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristobal Navas","family":"De Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M , College Station, Texas,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Castagnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, , Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jole","family":"Mariella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bologna Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, , Bologna,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9716-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Delvescovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University Department of Clinical Sciences, , Ithaca, New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Chris","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Ubana, Illinois,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9988-3381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. 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Indiana,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State University , Pullman, Washington,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Dunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College , North Mymms, Hertsfordshire,","place":["United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gene","family":"Pranzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Foundation , New York,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1929-2106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter 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