{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:58:02Z","timestamp":1789721882216,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":339,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001655","name":"Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AWD-107270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AWD-107270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Ohio State University Equine Research Funds","award":["520510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["520510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Information about the association of antimicrobial peptides with hypovitaminosis D in hospitalized foals is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to longitudinally determine the association of serum concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D binding protein (DBP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) with antimicrobial peptides (\u03b2-defensin-1 and cathelicidin-1) and the mRNA expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), 1\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), disease severity, and mortality in hospitalized foals. We hypothesized that hypovitaminosis D would be associated with decreased serum concentrations of antimicrobial peptides, disease severity, and mortality in hospitalized foals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One hundred nine foals \u2264\u200972\u2009h of age divided into hospitalized (n\u2009=\u200983; 60 septic, 23 sick nonseptic [SNS]) and healthy (n\u2009=\u200926) foals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples were collected on admission (0), and 24, 48, and 72\u2009h after admission from healthy and hospitalized foals. Data were analyzed by repeated measure methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, DBP, \u03b2-defensin-1, and cathlicidin-1 concentrations were significantly lower, whereas PTH concentrations were higher in hospitalized compared to healthy foals at different times during hospitalization (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Septic foals had lower VDR and CYP27B1, but higher TLR-4, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-1\u03b2 mRNA expression than in healthy foals (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Decreased serum 25(OH)D, \u03b2-defensin-1, and cathelicidin-1, and high PTH concentrations were associated with higher odds of death in hospitalized foals (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decreased vitamin D metabolite concentrations and decreased antimicrobial peptide concentrations suggest that vitamin D has important immunomodulatory functions in newborn foals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T17:15:31Z","timestamp":1740590131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal Evaluation of Vitamin D, Parathyroid Hormone, Antimicrobial Peptides, and Immunomodulatory Genes in Hospitalized Foals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7409-0227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Kamr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City , Sadat City,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Bartish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5479-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura D.","family":"Hostnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kindra","family":"Orr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital , Lexington, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nimet","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagyard Equine Medical Institute , Lexington, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8797-8500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna A.","family":"Dembek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Saliba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital , Lexington, Kentucky,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego E.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph Department of Clinical Studies, , Guelph, Ontario,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro E.","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302484935400_jvim70012-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00069","article-title":"A Comparative Review of Equine SIRS, Sepsis, and Neutrophils","volume":"6","author":"Sheats","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026020302484935400_jvim70012-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12290","article-title":"A Review of Equine 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