{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T19:14:10Z","timestamp":1770146050854,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":339,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Linnaeus Veterinary Limited supported the costs of the Open Access Publication Charges"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Myokymia is a form of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability that can be focal or generalized. Information regarding focal myokymia in veterinary medicine is currently limited, resulting in a need for a better understanding of this clinical sign.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, treatment, and outcomes in dogs and cats with facial myokymia (FM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven dogs and two cats with clinically confirmed FM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective study. Clinical records from six referral institutions were reviewed to identify cases with FM. Signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic test results, treatment, and outcome were recorded and evaluated for each patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial myokymia was detected before referral in 6\/9 cases. Concurrent vestibular signs were present in 7\/9 cases, whereas signs of facial nerve dysfunction other than FM were present in three cases. The diagnoses in the seven dogs were facial and vestibular neuropathy of unknown etiology (n\u2009=\u20092), extra-axial neoplasia (n\u2009=\u20091), otitis media-interna with intracranial extension (n\u2009=\u20091), otitis interna with associated facial and vestibulocochlear neuropathy (n\u2009=\u20091), meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (n\u2009=\u20091) and neoplasia or hypertrophic neuritis (n\u2009=\u20091). The two cats were diagnosed with retrobulbar adenosquamous carcinoma with intracranial extension and traumatic orofacial injury. When prednisolone was used (6\/9 cases) FM improved or resolved, although relapses were common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial myokymia is an uncommon and nonspecific clinical sign in dogs and cats, associated with a range of structural disorders affecting the facial motor nucleus, nerve, or both. Control of FM is variable, and treatment and outcome depend on the underlying cause.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T01:40:13Z","timestamp":1742348413000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Facial Myokymia With or Without Concurrent Neurological Deficits in Seven Dogs and Two Cats"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7778-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Elvira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Hursley,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Mallol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Hursley,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Veterinary Specialty Hospital of Hong Kong , Wan Chai,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2176-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbe","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen Mother Hospital for Small Animals , Potters Bar,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0669-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Ives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Hursley,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne R.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Hitchin,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Mari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ralph Veterinary Referral Centre , Marlow,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0606-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ChesterGates Veterinary Specialists , Chester,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pride Veterinary Referrals , Derby,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Indzhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Solihull,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Corsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Hursley,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southfields Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Basildon,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josep","family":"Brocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited , Hursley,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Veterinary Specialty Hospital of Hong Kong , Wan Chai,","place":["Hong Kong"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0331-5","article-title":"Myokymia and Neuromyotonia","volume":"251","author":"Gutmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16108","article-title":"International Veterinary Canine Dyskinesia Task Force ECVN Consensus Statement: Terminology and Classification","volume":"35","author":"Cerda-Gonzalez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12355","article-title":"A Homozygous KCNJ10 Mutation in Jack Russell Terriers and Related Breeds With Spinocerebellar Ataxia With Myokymia, Seizures, or Both","volume":"28","author":"Gilliam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16892","article-title":"Generalized Myokymia, or Neuromyotonia or Both in Dogs With or Without Spinocerebellar Ataxia","volume":"37","author":"Vanhaesebrouck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1608","article-title":"Myokymia and Neuromyotonia in a Cat","volume":"227","author":"Galano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00865.x","article-title":"Inspiratory Stridor Secondary to Palatolingual Myokymia in a Maltese Dog","volume":"51","author":"Vanhaesebrouck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Small Animal Practice"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.5.532","article-title":"Use of Botulinum Toxin Type A for the Treatment of Radiation Therapy\u2013Induced Myokymia and Neuromyotonia in a Dog","volume":"248","author":"Rogatko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2010.00598.x","article-title":"Unilateral Facial Myokymia in a Dog With an Intracranial Meningioma","volume":"88","author":"Holland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.158.12.411","article-title":"Facial Myokymia in a Puppy","volume":"158","author":"Walmsley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1997.tb00062.x","article-title":"Experimental Facial Myokymia in a Cat","volume":"95","author":"Zaaroor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199306000-00027","article-title":"Facial Myokymia and Spastic Paretic Facial Contracture as the Result of Anaplastic Pontocerebellar Glioma","volume":"32","author":"Krauss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000163","article-title":"Facial Myokymia and Hemifacial Spasms in Multiple Sclerosis: A Descriptive Study on Clinical Features and Treatment Outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Collazo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171216","article-title":"Facial Myokymia and Contraction Persistent 20\u2009Years: A Case of Pontine Glioma","volume":"17","author":"Gutmann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-3019(94)90016-7","article-title":"Facial Myokymia due to Acoustic Neurinoma","volume":"41","author":"Kiriyanthan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500210078016","article-title":"Facial Myokymia in the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Wasserstrom","year":"1977","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90175-X","article-title":"Myokymia in the Course of Bell's Palsy. An Electromyographic Study","volume":"84","author":"Bettoni","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.9.1545","article-title":"Timber Rattlesnake Venom-Induced Myokymia: Evidence for Peripheral Nerve Origin","volume":"37","author":"Brick","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.9.1707","article-title":"Persistent Facial Myokymia Associated With K(+) Channel Antibodies","volume":"57","author":"Gutmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0019","first-page":"11","article-title":"Post-Irradiation Facial Neuromyotonia\/Myokymia: A Hemifacial Spasm Mimic","volume":"20","author":"Swinnen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000312275.04260.a0","article-title":"Clinical Spectrum of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Autoimmunity","volume":"70","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000173734","article-title":"Animal Bocaviruses: A Brief Review","volume":"51","author":"Manteufel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d531","article-title":"Minute Virus as a Possible Cause of Neurological Problems in Dogs","volume":"168","author":"Eminaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0023","first-page":"178","volume-title":"De Lahunta's Veterinary Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neurology","author":"de Lahunta","year":"2021","edition":"5th ed."},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00148.x","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Intratemporal Facial Nerve in Idiopathic Facial Paralysis in the Dog","volume":"47","author":"Varej\u00e3o","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12974","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Caudal Portion of the Digastric Muscle in Canine Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy","volume":"62","author":"McGregor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.03.002","article-title":"Myokymia and Neuromyotonia in Veterinary Medicine: A Comparison With Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability Syndrome in Humans","volume":"197","author":"Vanhaesebrouck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.07.011","article-title":"Myokymia and Neuromyotonia in 37 Jack Russel Terriers","volume":"189","author":"Bhatti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta13470","article-title":"A Randomised Controlled Trial of the Use of Aciclovir and\/or Prednisolone for the Early Treatment of Bell's Palsy: The BELLS Study","volume":"13","author":"Sullivan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Technology Assessment"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70221-7","article-title":"Prednisolone and Valaciclovir in Bell's Palsy: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicentre Trial","volume":"7","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1159\/000008152","article-title":"Continuous Facial Myokymia in Multiple Sclerosis: Treatment With Botulinum Toxin","volume":"34","author":"Sedano","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.60343","article-title":"Botulinum Toxin","volume":"55","author":"Nigam","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1159\/000114706","article-title":"Facial Myokymia","volume":"13","author":"Rad\u00fc","year":"1975","journal-title":"European Neurology"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0525.x","article-title":"Clinical and Electrophysiological Characterization of Myokymia and Neuromyotonia in Jack Russell Terriers","volume":"24","author":"Vanhaesebrouck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302492204100_jvim70041-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880171103","article-title":"Diseases Associated With Excess Motor Unit Activity","volume":"17","author":"Auger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/jvim70041\/66652560\/jvim70041.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/jvim70041\/66652560\/jvim70041.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:49:34Z","timestamp":1770104974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.70041\/8447035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.70041","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim70041"}}