{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:19:54Z","timestamp":1791904794529,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":339,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D20EQ-035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20EQ-035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001250","name":"Morris Animal Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D20EQ\u2010035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D20EQ\u2010035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001250","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endocrine function in ponies differs from horses, with seasonally increased concentrations of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and an increased risk of insulin dysregulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(1) Season and breed differences exist in concentrations of hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and metabolic hormones; and (2) systemic oxidative status is significantly different between ponies and horses and correlates with endocrine hormones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-four healthy Welsh ponies and 14 healthy Quarter horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood was collected from Welsh ponies and Quarter horses in the same region during the same weeks in May and October. Concentrations of plasma ACTH, insulin, leptin, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs), plasma antioxidant capacity (PAC), and serum total cortisol, percent-free cortisol, and estimated free cortisol concentrations were measured. Linear mixed effects modeling with a random effect for animal was used to determine the effects of season and breed. Correlation coefficients were calculated for relevant variables. Statistical significance was set at p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fall plasma ACTH concentration was significantly higher in ponies compared with horses (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Total cortisol concentration was significantly lower in ponies in fall compared with spring (p\u2009=\u20090.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.005\u20130.934). Insulin concentrations in ponies were significantly higher in fall compared with spring (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) and compared with horses in fall (p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). In horses, PAC was higher in fall than in spring (p\u2009=\u20090.01; 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u2212730.2T to \u221299.26). Correlations varied with season and breed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Season and breed significantly affect the HPA axis, metabolic hormones, and oxidative status. Our results support breed consideration when interpreting endocrine testing results in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T09:51:04Z","timestamp":1741513864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Effect of Season and Breed on Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal Axis Hormones,\u00a0Metabolic Hormones, and Oxidative\u00a0Markers\u00a0in\u00a0Ponies and Horses"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Alison","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , Department of Large Animal Medicine, Athens,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret B.","family":"Lemons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , Department of Large Animal Medicine, Athens,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4331-6470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey A.","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia , Department of Large Animal Medicine, Athens,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.03.002","article-title":"Epidemiology of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction: A Systematic Literature Review of Clinical Presentation, Disease Prevalence and Risk Factors","volume":"235","author":"Ireland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.007","article-title":"Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction","volume":"27","author":"McFarlane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1992.tb01595.x","article-title":"Diagnosis of Hyperadrenocorticism in the Horse","volume":"4","author":"Hillyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0004","first-page":"594","article-title":"Equine Pituitary Neoplasia: A Clinical Report of 21 Cases (1990-1992)","volume":"133","author":"van der Kolk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1996.tb02016.x","article-title":"Plasma Adrenocorticotropin Concentration in Healthy Horses and in Horses With Clinical Signs of Hyperadrenocorticism","volume":"10","author":"Cou\u00ebtil","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0006","first-page":"742","article-title":"Treatment With Pergolide or Cyproheptadine of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (Equine Cushing's Disease)","volume":"16","author":"Donaldson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403776014271","article-title":"Efficacy of Trilostane for the Treatment of Equine Cushing's Syndrome","volume":"35","author":"McGowan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.25.773","article-title":"Urinary Cortisol:Creatinine Ratios in Healthy Horses and Horses With Hyperadrenocorticism and Non-Adrenal Disease","volume":"150","author":"Chandler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Veterinary Record"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0076.x","article-title":"Cytokine Dysregulation in Aged Horses and Horses With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"McFarlane","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00578.x","article-title":"Prevalence, Risk Factors and Clinical Signs Predictive for Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction in Aged Horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0011","article-title":"Aged Horse Health, Management and Welfare","author":"McGowan","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105695","article-title":"Evaluation of the Sensitivity and Specificity of Basal Plasma Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Concentration for Diagnosing Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction in Horses: A Systematic Review","volume":"275","author":"Tatum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13022","article-title":"Circannual Variation in Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Concentrations and Dexamethasone Suppression Test Results in Standardbred Horses, Andalusian Horses and Mixed-Breed Ponies","volume":"98","author":"Bamford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103810","article-title":"Circulating Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones and Insulin Concentrations in Horses and Ponies","volume":"111","author":"Vaughn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2022.105857","article-title":"The Effect of Month and Breed on Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Concentrations in Equids","volume":"286","author":"Durham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0016","article-title":"Investigation of Breed Differences in Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Concentrations Among Healthy Horses and Ponies","volume":"296","author":"Bamford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.1.122","article-title":"Hypertension and Insulin Resistance in a Mixed-Breed Population of Ponies Predisposed to Laminitis","volume":"69","author":"Bailey","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16017","article-title":"Clinical Implications of Using Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Diagnostic Cutoffs or Reference Intervals to Diagnose Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction in Mature Horses","volume":"35","author":"Horn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14782","article-title":"The Effect of Geographic Location on Circannual Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Plasma Concentrations in Horses in Australia","volume":"31","author":"Secombe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00444.x","article-title":"Circannual Variation in Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Concentrations in the UK in Normal Horses and Ponies, and Those With Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction","volume":"44","author":"Copas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13292","article-title":"Clinically and Temporally Specific Diagnostic Thresholds for Plasma ACTH in the Horse","volume":"53","author":"Durham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2013.11.001","article-title":"Breed Differences in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulinemic Responses to Oral Glucose in Horses and Ponies of Moderate Body Condition Score","volume":"47","author":"Bamford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Domestic Animal Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.10.1538","article-title":"Evaluation of Genetic and Metabolic Predispositions and Nutritional Risk Factors for Pasture-Associated Laminitis in Ponies","volume":"228","author":"Treiber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775467234","article-title":"Differences in Polymorphonucleocyte Function and Local Inflammatory Response Between Horses and Ponies","volume":"35","author":"Wilmink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13053","article-title":"Heritability of Metabolic Traits Associated With Equine Metabolic Syndrome in Welsh Ponies and Morgan Horses","volume":"51","author":"Norton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01277.x","article-title":"Nitration and Increased Alpha-Synuclein Expression Associated With Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration in Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction","volume":"17","author":"McFarlane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.2065","article-title":"Systemic and Pituitary Pars Intermedia Antioxidant Capacity Associated With Pars Intermedia Oxidative Stress and Dysfunction in Horses","volume":"66","author":"McFarlane","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0028","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of Advanced Age, Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction and Insulin Dysregulation on Serum Antioxidant Markers in Horses","volume":"9","author":"\u017bak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0029","article-title":"Consensus Statement: Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)","author":"Equine Endocrinology Group","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Endocrinology Group"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01826.x","article-title":"Relationship Between Condition Score, Physical Measurements and Body Fat Percentage in Mares","volume":"15","author":"Henneke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879700900307","article-title":"Validation of Nonradioactive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Methods for the Analysis of Thyroxine and Cortisol in Blood Samples Obtained From Dogs, Cats, and Horses","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1463","article-title":"Effects of Season and Sample Handling on Measurement of Plasma Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Concentrations in Horses and Ponies","volume":"65","author":"McFarlane","year":"2004","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13839","article-title":"Effect of Age, Season, Body Condition, and Endocrine Status on Serum Free Cortisol Fraction and Insulin Concentration in Horses","volume":"30","author":"Hart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0636.x","article-title":"Insulin, Glucagon, and Leptin in Critically Ill Foals","volume":"25","author":"Barsnick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0667.x","article-title":"Serum Free Cortisol Fraction in Healthy and Septic Neonatal Foals","volume":"25","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2023.110665","article-title":"Validation of a Commercially Available Photometric Analytical System for Assessment of Plasma Oxidative Status in Healthy Horses","volume":"265","author":"Vaughn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02685.x","article-title":"Variation in Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Concentration and Dexamethasone Suppression Test Results With Season, Age, and Sex in Healthy Ponies and Horses","volume":"19","author":"Donaldson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00575.x","article-title":"Evaluation of Basal Plasma \u03b1-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone and Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction From a Population of Aged Horses","volume":"45","author":"McGowan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0745.x","article-title":"The Effect of Geographic Location, Breed, and Pituitary Dysfunction on Seasonal Adrenocorticotropin and \u03b1-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Plasma Concentrations in Horses","volume":"25","author":"McFarlane","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.05.013","article-title":"Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Serotonin, Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Serum Concentrations in Relation to Disease and Stress in the Horse","volume":"93","author":"Ayala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2017.10.005","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Carbohydrates and Time of Year on ACTH and Cortisol Concentrations in Adult and Aged Horses","volume":"63","author":"Jacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Domestic Animal Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2012.05.005","article-title":"Circadian and Circannual Rhythms of Cortisol, ACTH, and \u03b1-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in Healthy Horses","volume":"43","author":"Cordero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Domestic Animal Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12797","article-title":"Plasma Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Concentrations in Ponies Measured by Two Different Assays Suggests Seasonal Cross-Reactivity or Interference","volume":"50","author":"Knowles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13227","article-title":"Comparison of Immunofluorescence and Chemiluminescence Assays for Measuring ACTH in Equine Plasma","volume":"52","author":"McGilvray","year":"2020","journal-title":"Equine Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731116001671","article-title":"Seasonal Effects on Plasma Cortisol Concentrations in the Bedouin Buck: Circadian Studies and Response to ACTH","volume":"11","author":"Chergui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0046","first-page":"9","article-title":"Defining ROS in Biology and Medicine","volume":"1","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"React Oxyg Species"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.08.006","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity: A Metabolic or Immune Response?","volume":"37","author":"Stolarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2015.16.1.113","article-title":"The Production and Distribution of IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue and Their Correlation With Serum Concentrations in Welsh Ponies With Equine Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Basinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12021","article-title":"Relationships Between Body Condition Score and Plasma Inflammatory Cytokines, Insulin, and Lipids in a Mixed Population of Light-Breed Horses","volume":"27","author":"Suagee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-673","article-title":"Relationships Among Inflammatory Cytokines, Obesity, and Insulin Sensitivity in the Horse","volume":"85","author":"Vick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(93)90065-C","article-title":"Effects of In\u00a0Vitro Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone, Cortisol and Human Recombinant Interleukin-2 on Porcine Neutrophil Migration and Luminol-Dependent Chemiluminescence","volume":"39","author":"Salak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05386.x","article-title":"The Neuroimmunomodulatory Peptide Alpha-MSH","volume":"917","author":"Ichiyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.11.013","article-title":"Neutrophil and Cytokine Dysregulation in Hyperinsulinemic Obese Horses","volume":"145","author":"Holbrook","year":"2012","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(94)90030-2","article-title":"Factors Affecting the Circadian Rhythm in Plasma Cortisol Concentrations in the Horse","volume":"11","author":"Irvine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Domestic Animal Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/09291017709359550","article-title":"Rhythmic Cortisol Secretion in the Equine: Analysis and Physiological Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Interdiscipl Cycle Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1970.31.08.1379","article-title":"Plasma Concentrations of Cortisol and Corticosterone in the Normal Horse","volume":"31","author":"Hoffsis","year":"1970","journal-title":"American Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2021.103464","article-title":"1 Daily Secretion Patterns of Thyroxine, Insulin, and Cortisol in Non-Working Horses on Pasture When Receiving One Concentrate Meal per Day vs. no Daily Concentrate","volume":"100","author":"Chewning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Equine Veterinary Science"},{"key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0058","article-title":"\u201cConsensus Statement: Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS),\u201d","author":"Equine Endocrinology Group","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026020302492765500_jvim70047-bib-0059","article-title":"The Cresty Neck Score Is an Independent Predictor of Insulin Dysregulation in Ponies","volume":"14","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/jvim70047\/66651785\/jvim70047.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article-pdf\/39\/2\/jvim70047\/66651785\/jvim70047.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:49:43Z","timestamp":1770104983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jvim\/article\/doi\/10.1111\/jvim.70047\/8446945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.70047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"jvim70047"}}