{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T16:40:35Z","timestamp":1783960835733,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polypoid cystitis (PoC) in dogs is associated with chronic inflammatory bladder conditions and is discovered during evaluation for signs of lower urinary tract disease, or incidentally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe PoC in dogs evaluated in an academic practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dogs with confirmed (n\u2009=\u200959) or presumptive (n\u2009=\u200953) PoC were evaluated between January 2004 and October 2020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For this retrospective study, medical records were searched for PoC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common presenting signs of 112 dogs with PoC were hematuria (n\u2009=\u200942; 38%), stranguria (n\u2009=\u200928; 25%), and pollakiuria (n\u2009=\u200925; 22%). Polyps were found incidentally (n\u2009=\u200913; 12%). Urinary tract infection (UTI; n\u2009=\u200961; 54%) or urolithiasis (n\u2009=\u200938; 34%) was a common presumptive cause. Escherichia coli (n\u2009=\u200939; 53%), Enterococcus faecalis (n\u2009=\u200914; 19%) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n\u2009=\u20095; 7%) were isolated from dogs with UTI. Ultrasonographic findings (n\u2009=\u2009101) included polypoid structures (n\u2009=\u200944; 44%), broad-based masses (n\u2009=\u200916; 26%), and bladder wall thickening (n\u2009=\u200925; 25%); mostly in the cranioventral bladder apex (n\u2009=\u200956; 80%). Of 41 specimens tested, none had evidence of the BRAF V595E mutation. Urinary tract neoplasia was not reported in any dog during follow-up (range 1\u2009month\u20138.4\u2009years; median 8\u2009months). Interventions included antibiotic or anti-inflammatory administration, and surgical or cystoscopic ablation. During follow-up, recurrent signs of lower urinary tract disease were reported in 23 (20%) dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>History of either UTI or urolithiasis, compatible imaging findings, and absence of detectable BRAF V595E mutation support the presumptive diagnosis of PoC in dogs. Affected dogs have a good prognosis, warranting differentiation from other urinary tract diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T01:26:42Z","timestamp":1747358802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Polypoid Cystitis: A Retrospective Case-Series of 112 Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Price","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University at Raleigh Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University at Raleigh Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7859-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison R.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4402-7830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shelly L.","family":"Vaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital Department of Clinical Sciences, , Raleigh, North Carolina,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0001","first-page":"499","article-title":"Polypoid Cystitis in 17 Dogs (1978\u20132001)","volume":"17","author":"Martinez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.289","article-title":"Polypoid Eosinophilic Cystitis With Pseudosarcomatous Proliferative Tissue in a Dog","volume":"70","author":"Ozaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.57","article-title":"Diagnostic Ultrasound of Polypoid Cystitis in Dogs","volume":"67","author":"Takiguchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0004","first-page":"181","article-title":"Struvite Urolithiasis with Eosinophilic Polypoid Cystitis in a Shih Tzu Dog","volume":"59","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canadian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1975.166.12.1155","article-title":"Canine Polypoid Cystitis","volume":"166","author":"Johnston","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0006","first-page":"533","volume-title":"Pathology of Domestic Animals","author":"Jubb","year":"1993","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0007","first-page":"1137","volume-title":"Current Veterinary Therapy VII","author":"Johnston","year":"1980","edition":"7th ed."},{"key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0008","first-page":"179","article-title":"Polypoid Cystitis: A Catheter Associated Lesion of the Human Bladder","volume":"87A","author":"Ekelund","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2026020302500182000_jvim70049-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-198807000-00005","article-title":"Papillary and Polypoid Cystitis. 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