{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:38:54Z","timestamp":1790422734360,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":278,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]],"date-time":"2025-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bromethalin, a rodenticide, is increasingly used due to restrictions on other rodenticides.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study aimed to analyze the frequency, demographics, clinical signs, and diagnostics of suspected bromethalin intoxication in dogs and cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred twenty-three cases (249 samples) involving 123 dogs and 100 cats suspected or confirmed to have bromethalin intoxication were submitted to the toxicology laboratory at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cohort study. Between 2010 and 2023, Liquid Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry was used to detect desmethylbromethalin (DMB), bromethalin's metabolite, in various tissues and serum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cases increased 2.8-fold from 59 (2010\u20132016) to 164 (2017\u20132023). Cats were significantly younger (median 24\u2009months, IQR: 41.5) than dogs (36\u2009months, IQR: 60.0; p\u2009=\u20090.016) and were more likely to have confirmed DMB exposure (60% vs. 25%, p\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001). Submitted samples for analysis were adipose tissue (37%), liver (20%), and brain (19%). Clinical signs included seizures, tremors, weakness, and paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 17 dogs and cats were consistent with bromethalin intoxication in 77% of cases. Autopsies (33 cases) revealed CNS lesions compatible with bromethalin toxicosis in 2\/8 dogs and in 24\/25 cats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bromethalin exposure is increasingly prevalent in pets. Adipose tissue remains the most reliable sample for diagnosis; cats are more likely to test positive for DMB and exhibit compatible autopsy results. MRI findings can also support the diagnosis. These insights could assist in diagnosing and managing bromethalin intoxication in pets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.70057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T03:30:12Z","timestamp":1743219012000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Bromethalin Exposure in Dogs and Cats: A 14-Year Retrospective Study (2010\u20132023) From the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigal","family":"Klainbart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis , California,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, , Jerusalem,","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universidad de Extremadura , C\u00e1ceres,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Filigenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis , California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Poppenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis , California,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0001","first-page":"491","volume-title":"Proceedings of British Crop Protection: Vol-II-New-Compounds-Papers-95-96","author":"Dreikorn","year":"1979"},{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0002","author":"California Department of Pesticide Regulation"},{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2013.03.005","article-title":"Bromethalin","volume":"28","author":"Peterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Topics in Companion Animal Medicine"},{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0004","article-title":"\u201cEU Pesticides Database,\u201d","author":"European Commission"},{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0005","first-page":"615","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","edition":"3rd ed."},{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(88)90129-7","article-title":"The Toxicity and Mechanism of Action of Bromethalin: A New Single-Feeding Rodenticide","volume":"11","author":"Van Lier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fundamental and Applied Toxicology"},{"key":"2026020302500538800_jvim70057-bib-0007","first-page":"589","article-title":"Bromethalin Toxicosis in the Dog: Part I. 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